Indian Constitution

Schedules

• First Schedule: Lists 28 states and 8 Union Territories in India.
• Second Schedule: Deals with salaries, allowances, and pensions for constitutional functionaries.
• Third Schedule: Contains forms of oaths or affirmations.
• Fourth Schedule: Allocates seats for states and Union Territories in the Rajya Sabha.
• Fifth Schedule: Governs the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.
• Sixth Schedule: Provides for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, and Mizoram.
• Seventh Schedule: Divides powers between the Union and States through Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
• Eighth Schedule: Lists 22 official languages of India (originally 14).
  • 21st Amendment: Added Sindhi.
  • 71st Amendment: Added Nepali, Manipuri, Konkani.
  • 92nd Amendment: Added Bodo, Dogri, Santhali, Maithili.
• Ninth Schedule: Added by the 1st Amendment (1951), deals with land reforms and acts/regulations that cannot be challenged in courts.
• Tenth Schedule: Added by the 52nd Amendment, pertains to anti-defection law.
• Eleventh Schedule: Added by the 73rd Amendment (effective April 24, 1993), relates to Panchayati Raj and lists 29 subjects.
• ** Twelfth Schedule:** Added by the 74th Amendment, relates to Urban Local Bodies (Nagarpalikas).

Articles

• Article 1: Name and territory of the Union.
• Article 5-11: Citizenship.
• Article 14: Equality before law (Rule of Law).
• Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability.
• Article 18: Abolition of Titles.
• Article 19(1)(a): Freedom of speech and expression.
• Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty.
• Article 21A: Right to Education (added by 86th Amendment).
• Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
• Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion.
• Article 32: Right to constitutional remedies (termed as the "soul of the Constitution" by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar).
• Article 37: States that Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) are fundamental in the governance of the country but not enforceable by any court.
• Article 38: State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
• Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid (added by 42nd Amendment).
• Article 40: Organization of village panchayats.
• Article 44: Uniform Civil Code.
• Article 47: Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
• Article 50: Separation of judiciary from executive.
• Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security (reflects India's foreign policy).
• Article 51A: Fundamental Duties (added by 42nd Amendment in 1976 based on Swaran Singh Committee recommendations).
• Article 52: The President of India.
• Article 53: Executive power of the Union.
• Article 54: Election of President (electoral college).
• Article 55: Manner of election of President (proportional representation by single transferable vote).
• Article 56: Term of office of President (5 years).
• Article 60: Oath or affirmation by the President.
• Article 61: Procedure for impeachment of the President.
• Article 63: The Vice-President of India.
• Article 64: The Vice-President to be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).
• Article 71: Matters relating to or connected with the election of a President or Vice-President (disputes resolved by Supreme Court).
• Article 72: Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
• Article 76: Attorney General for India (chief legal advisor to the Government of India).
• Article 108: Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases (convened three times so far).
• Article 110: Definition of "Money Bills".
• Article 112: Annual financial statement (Budget).
• Article 123: Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.
• Article 124: Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court.
• Article 129: Supreme Court to be a court of record.
• Article 143: Power of President to consult Supreme Court.
• Article 148: Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), currently Girish Chandra Murmu.
• Article 153: Governors of States.
• Article 161: Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases (does not include death penalty or court-martial).
• Article 165: Advocate General for the State (chief legal advisor to the state government).
• Article 213: Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of State Legislature.
• Article 214: High Courts for States.
• Article 215: High Courts to be courts of record.
• Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
• Article 239AA: Special provisions with respect to Delhi (added by 69th Amendment).
• Article 243-243O: Provisions relating to Panchayats (added by 73rd Amendment).
• Article 246A: Special provision with respect to Goods and Services Tax (GST) (added by 101st Amendment).
• Article 263: Provisions with respect to an Inter-State Council (headed by the Prime Minister).
• Article 266: Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
• Article 267: Contingency Fund of India (at President's disposal, used during natural disasters).
• Article 280: Finance Commission (15th Finance Commission chairman: N.K. Singh).
• Article 300A: Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law (Right to property changed from fundamental to legal right by 44th Amendment).
• Article 315: Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
• Article 324: Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
• Article 338: National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
• Article 338A: National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (added by 89th Amendment).
• Article 343: Official language of the Union (Hindi).
• Article 352: Proclamation of Emergency (National Emergency).
• Article 356: Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States (President's Rule).
• Article 360: Provisions as to Financial Emergency.
• Article 368: Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor (in Part XX).
• Article 370: Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir (partially removed).

Awards and Recognition

• Influencer Book of the World Record: Awarded for completing 1800 episodes, recognized as the first class/episode in the education industry to achieve this milestone.
• Digital Payment Award 2024-25: Awarded to Indian Post Payment Bank by the Ministry of Finance's Financial Services Department.
• Bloomberg Philanthropy Award 2025: Awarded to India for its efforts in tobacco prevention.

Recent Events & Developments

Health & Science

• Lenacapavir: Drug approved by US FDA for HIV treatment.
• Skin Diseases: Included as a global public health priority for the first time by the World Health Assembly.
• Nakshatra: High-performance computing facility launched by ICMR Pune for genomics surveillance.
• Gwada Negative Blood Group: A rare blood group discovered in France.
• Albino Sunflower Squirrel: First rare sighting in Tonk, Rajasthan.

Environment & Conservation

• Gharial Conservation Program: Launched by Union Minister Bhupender Yadav in Katarniaghat, Uttar Pradesh.
• Majhi Vasundhara 6.0: Environmental initiative launched in 28,000 local bodies in Maharashtra.
• Decade of Hydropower: Arunachal Pradesh declared 2025-35 as this decade.
• Aralam Forest: India's first butterfly sanctuary launched in this forest in Kerala.
• Banka Cherla Project: Recent water dispute over this project arose between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Sports

• Paris Diamond League: Neeraj Chopra won a gold medal with an 88.16m throw.
• Women's T20 World Cup 2026: To be hosted by England.
• Jasprit Bumrah: Became the first Asian bowler to take 150 wickets in 150 Test matches across SENA countries (South Africa, England, New Zealand, Australia).
• Rishabh Pant: First Indian and second global wicketkeeper to score centuries in both innings of a Test match.
• Dilip Doshi: Late cricketer.
• Ostrava Golden Spikers 2025: Neeraj Chopra won a gold medal in javelin throw.
• 5th Khelo India University Games: To be hosted by Rajasthan.
• Asian Squash Doubles Championship 2025: India won the title in Malaysia across all three doubles categories (men's, women's, mixed).

Governance & Policy

• Rashtrapati Tapovan and Rashtrapati Niketan: Inaugurated by President Droupadi Murmu in Dehradun.
• One Nation One Time: Central Government announced mandatory use of Indian Standard Time, referencing 82.5° East Longitude.
• Entrance Exam Coaching Review: Central Government formed a panel headed by Vineet Joshi to review dependence on coaching centers.
• All India Household Income Survey: Expert group formed under Surjit Bhalla to launch the first such survey in 2026.
• Navya Initiative: Central Government launched this initiative in Uttar Pradesh to provide skills to adolescent girls in non-traditional sectors.
• Ullas Nav Bharat Saksharta Karyakram: Tripura became the third fully functional literate state under this program (first was Mizoram, second Goa).
• Transgender Rights: Assam announced OBC status for the transgender community and reservation in Anganwadi worker posts.
• Central Regional Council Meeting: The 25th meeting was held in Varanasi. The council's headquarters are in Prayagraj.
• International Potato Center: Union Cabinet approved the establishment of its South Asia Regional Center in Singhana, Uttar Pradesh.
• Vidya Shakti: Digital initiative launched by Andhra Pradesh in government schools.
• Kanya Vivah Mandap Yojana: Bihar implemented this ₹426 crore marriage pavilion scheme in all Gram Panchayats.
• CBSE Board Exams: CBSE to conduct Class 10th board exams twice a year from 2026.
• Adamy FPV: The first of eight Fast Patrol Vessels (FPV) "Adamy" was commissioned into the Indian Coast Guard in Goa.

International Affairs

• Operation Midnight Hammer: US air strikes on Iranian nuclear sites.
• UN Public Service Day: Celebrated on June 23rd.
• CONVEX 2025: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) conducted this nuclear emergency exercise in Romania.
• Operation Basayat al-Fateh: Iran attacked a US airbase in Qatar with missiles under this operation.
• IAEA Membership: Iran suspended its membership from the International Atomic Energy Agency.
• Sumanshu Shukla: First Indian to reach the International Space Station.
• IFFCO Nano Fertilizer Plant: IFFCO to establish its first foreign Nano Fertilizer plant in Brazil.
• Kataragama Alla Mahotsav: Festival dedicated to Skanda (Hindu war deity) celebrated in Sri Lanka.
• Kunming Tripartite Summit: Held between China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
• Gulal-scented Litchi Export: India exported this litchi for the first time from Pathankot, Punjab, to Qatar and UAE.
• Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB): Jia Qianyi appointed new President.
• Iliamna Volcano: Glacier-covered volcano erupted in the USA.

Reports and Indices

• Global Peace Index 2025: India's rank is 115th.
  • Press Freedom Index: India's rank is 151st.
  • Human Development Index: India's rank is 130th.
  • Corruption Perception Index: India's rank is 96th.
  • Global Happiness Index: India's rank is 118th.
  • Global Gender Gap Index: India's rank is 131st.
• Sustainable Development Goals Index: India entered the top 100 for the first time.

Books

• Wings to Our Hopes Volume 2: Collection of speeches by President Droupadi Murmu.
• The Emergency Diaries: Book discussing Narendra Modi's experiences.
• The One: Autobiographical book related to Shikhar Dhawan.

Infrastructure & Technology

• First Nuclear Power Plant (SMR Mission): To be established in Bihar under India's Small Modular Reactor (SMR) mission.
• AI-powered Smart Traffic System: India's first system launched on Delhi-Dwarka Expressway.

Days

• Constitution Assassination Day: Observed on June 25th, commemorating the date of Emergency imposition in 1975.
• International MSME Day: Celebrated on June 27th.