• Uttar Pradesh Key Information:

  • Folk Dances: Rasleela, Nautanki, Charakula, Kajri, Natwari, Mayur, Kathak.

  • Festivals and Fairs: Kumbh Mela, Kajli Mahotsav, Kalinjar Mahotsav, Shakambari Devi Mahotsav, Bir Bhitur Ganga Mahotsav, Taj Mahotsav, Ayurveda Mahotsav, Bateshwar Mela (Agra), Nauchandi Mela, Shravani Mela, Ganmukteshwar Mela, Sardhana Iranian Christian Mela.

  • National Park: Dudhwa National Park (Lakhimpur Kheri).

  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Mahaveer Swami Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary, Kishnapura Wildlife Sanctuary.

  • Demographics:

    • Population density: 829 persons/sq km
    • Sex ratio: 912 females per 1000 males
    • Literacy rate: 67.7%

  • Cities and Rivers:

    • Ayodhya (Sarayu River)
    • Lucknow (Gomti River)
    • Prayagraj (Ganga River)
    • Agra & Mathura (Yamuna River)
    • Jaunpur (Gomti River)
    • Kannauj (Ganga River)
    • Kanpur (Ganga River)
    • Gorakhpur (Rapti River)

  • World Heritage Sites:

    • Agra Fort (1983)
    • Taj Mahal (1983)
    • Fatehpur Sikri (1986)

  • Ramsar Sites:

    • Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
    • Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary
    • Sur Sarovar Lake

  • GI Tags:

    • Bareilly's Beth and Bamboo
    • Bareilly's Zardozi
    • Amroha's Dholak
    • Mainpuri's Tarakashi
    • Bagpat's Home Furnishing
    • Barabanki's Handloom
    • Kalpi's Handmade Paper
    • Mahoba's Stone
    • Chambal's Horn Craft
    • Varanasi's Paan
    • Varanasi's Saree

  • Important Sites:

    • Taj Mahal (Agra): Built by Shah Jahan. World Heritage Site (1983).
    • Fatehpur Sikri (including Buland Darwaza, Jodha Bai's Palace, Salim Chishti's tomb): Built by Akbar. World Heritage Site (1986).
    • Agra Fort: Built by Akbar. World Heritage Site (1983).
    • Bara Imambara and Chota Imambara: Located in Lucknow.
    • Indira Gandhi Planetarium: Located in Lucknow.
    • Rummy Darwaza: Located in Lucknow.
    • Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Temple: Located in Ayodhya.
    • Kashi Vishwanath Temple: Located in Varanasi.
    • Dwarkadhish Temple: Located in Mathura.* Important Indian Figures & Awards:

  • Lal Bahadur Shastri: Second Prime Minister of India, posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1966, known for the Tashkent Agreement.

  • Major Dhyan Chand: Hockey wizard, born in Prayagraj; the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award was renamed the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award in 2021. National Sports Day is celebrated on August 29th.

  • Munshi Premchand: Author of notable works like Gaban, Godan, Nimak ka Daroga, and Karmabhoomi.

  • Pandit Ravi Shankar: Sitar maestro, first Indian to win a Grammy Award (1999), recipient of the Bharat Ratna.

  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya: Founder of Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1916, posthumously awarded India's highest award in 1914 (along with Atal Bihari Vajpayee).

• Important Religious Sites:

  • Sri Ram Janmabhoomi Temple (Ayodhya): Architect – Chandrakant Sompura.
  • Kashi Vishwanath Temple (Varanasi).
  • Dwarkadhish Temple (Mathura).
  • Jambudweep Hastinapur Jain Temple (Meerut).
  • Dashavatar Temple (Lalitpur).

• Important Historical Sites & Monuments:

  • Taj Mahal (Agra): Built by Shah Jahan.
  • Fatehpur Sikri (Agra): Built by Akbar, includes Buland Darwaza, Panch Mahal, Jodha Bai's Palace, and Salim Chishti's tomb.
  • Agra Fort (Agra): Built by Akbar.
  • Rumi Darwaza, Bara Imambara, and Chota Imambara (Lucknow).
  • Indira Gandhi Planetarium (Lucknow).
  • Uttar Pradesh World Heritage Sites: Agra Fort (1983), Taj Mahal (1983), Fatehpur Sikri (1986).

• Uttar Pradesh Ramsar Sites:

  • Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary.
  • Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • Sursarovar Lake.

• Sonbhadra District, Uttar Pradesh: Sonbhadra is the only district in India bordering four states: Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh. It is also the southernmost district of Uttar Pradesh.

• Prominent Indian Figures:

  • Mangal Pandey: First martyr of the 1857 Indian Rebellion, a soldier in the 34th Bengal Infantry.
  • Rani Lakshmibai: Queen of Jhansi, known for her leadership in the 1857 rebellion.
  • Ram Prasad Bismil: Key figure in the Kakori Train Action of August 9, 1925.
  • Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru: India's first Prime Minister, instrumental in the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty.
  • Lal Bahadur Shastri: Second Prime Minister of India, known for the "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" slogan, and the Tashkent Agreement; the first Indian to receive the Bharat Ratna posthumously.
  • Major Dhyan Chand: Hockey wizard; the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award was renamed the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award in 2021. National Sports Day is celebrated on August 29th.
  • Munshi Premchand: Author of notable works including Gaban, Godan, and Nmak Ka Daroga.
  • Pandit Ravi Shankar: Sitar virtuoso, the first Indian to win a Grammy Award (1999).
  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya: Founder of Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1916. Received the Bharat Ratna posthumously.
  • Atal Bihari Vajpayee: (mentioned in relation to posthumous Bharat Ratna award with Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya).

• Important Temples:

  • Sri Ram Janmabhoomi Temple: Ayodhya; architect: Chandrakant Sompura.
  • Kashi Vishwanath Temple: Varanasi.
  • Sri Dwarakadhish Temple: Mathura.
  • Dashavatar Temple: Lalitpur.

• Uttar Pradesh Geography and Boundaries:

  • Sonbhadra district borders four states: Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Bihar. It is the only district in India with this characteristic.
  • Uttar Pradesh's northernmost point is Saharanpur, southernmost is Sonbhadra, easternmost is Ballia, and westernmost is Shamli.

• Uttar Pradesh Notable Figures:

  • Mangal Pandey: First martyr of the 1857 Indian Rebellion; member of the 34th Bengal Infantry.
  • Rani Lakshmibai: Queen of Jhansi, known for her role in the 1857 Indian Rebellion.
  • Ram Prasad Bismil: Key figure in the Kakori Train Action (August 9, 1925).

• Sindhu Water Treaty: The Sindhu Water Treaty was signed in 1960; Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru represented India.

• Uttar Pradesh Current Affairs:

  • Current Chief Minister: Yogi Adityanath
  • Current Governor: Anandiben Patel
  • High Court Location: Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad)
  • Current Deputy Chief Ministers: Keshav Prasad Maurya and Brijesh Pathak
  • Number of Districts: 75 (plus 76th temporary district)
  • Largest District (Area): Lakhimpur Kheri
  • Largest District (Population): Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad)
  • Legislative Assembly Seats: 403
  • Legislative Council Seats: 100
  • Lok Sabha Seats: 80
  • Rajya Sabha Seats: 31 (Note: The lecture states these are the highest in India for all four categories.)
  • State Emblem: Fish and bow and arrow
  • State Bird: Sarus Crane
  • State Animal: Barasingha
  • State Tree: Ashok
  • State Sport: Hockey
  • State Flower: Palash (also known as Flame of the Forest)
  • State Dance: Kathak
  • Neighboring States: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, and Delhi (8 states and 1 Union Territory)
  • Northernmost Point: Saharanpur
  • Southernmost Point: Sonbhadra
  • Easternmost Point: Ballia
  • Westernmost Point: Shamli
  • Sonbhadra's Significance: The only district in India bordering four states (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Bihar).

• Uttar Pradesh: General Information

  • 75 permanent districts; a temporary 76th district was created for the Maha Kumbh.
  • State emblem: Two fish and a bow and arrow.
  • Formerly known as the United Provinces.
  • Establishment Day: January 24, 1950.
  • Capital: Lucknow.
  • First Chief Minister: Govind Ballabh Pant.
  • First female Chief Minister (of India and UP): Sucheta Kripalani.
  • First Governor (of India and UP): Sarojini Naidu.
  • Current Chief Minister: Yogi Adityanath.
  • Current Governor: Anandiben Patel.
  • High Court location: Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad). Allahabad's name changed to Prayagraj, and Faizabad's name changed to Ayodhya.
  • Current Deputy Chief Ministers: Keshav Prasad Maurya and Brijesh Pathak.
  • Largest district by area: Lakhimpur Kheri.
  • Largest district by population: Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad).

• Uttar Pradesh: Legislature and Representation

  • Bicameral Legislature: Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council.
  • Legislative Assembly seats: 403.
  • Legislative Council seats: 100.
  • Lok Sabha seats: 80.
  • Rajya Sabha seats: 31. All four of these figures represent the highest number in India.

• Uttar Pradesh: State Symbols

  • State Bird: Sarus Crane
  • State Animal: Barasingha
  • State Tree: Ashok
  • State Sport: Hockey
  • State Flower: Palash (Flame of the Forest)* AI Summit Co-hosting: India co-hosted the third AI summit of the year in Paris. Previous summits were held in Bletchley and Seoul.

• Jammu & Kashmir Initiative: Jammu & Kashmir launched a digital tree-based initiative for each Chinar tree.

• Uniform Civil Code: Uttarakhand is the first state to implement a Uniform Civil Code (bill).

• Uttar Pradesh Overview: A detailed overview of Uttar Pradesh, including its 75 districts, its logo (fish and bow and arrow), its previous name (United Provinces), its establishment day (January 24th, 1950), its capital (Lucknow), its first Chief Minister (Govind Ballabh Pant), and the fact that it is the most populous state in India. The mention of a temporary 76th district created for the Maha Kumbh is also noted.

• Parliamentary Committees:

  • Public Accounts Committee (PAC): 22 members (15 Lok Sabha, 7 Rajya Sabha); Current Head: K.C. Venugopal.
  • Estimates Committee: 30 members (all Lok Sabha); Current Head: Sanjay Jaiswal.
  • PSU Committee: 22 members (15 Lok Sabha, 7 Rajya Sabha); Current Head: Vaijayant Panda.

• Current Political Figures:

  • Leader of the Opposition: Rahul Gandhi.

• Recent Events:

  • BSF Operation Shart Hawa conducted in Rajasthan.

• Padma Vibhushan Awardees (Posthumous): Osamu Suzuki, M.T. Vasudevan Nair, and Sharada Sinha.

• Australian Open 2023: Jannik Sinner (Italy) won the men's singles title.

• Sugarcane and Sugar Production:

  • Brazil is the world's top sugarcane producer.
  • Uttar Pradesh is India's top sugarcane producer.
  • Maharashtra is India's top sugar producer.
  • Table sugar is also known as sucrose.
  • The Commission for Agriculture Cost and Price (CACP) determines Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP).
  • FRP has been set at ₹355 per quintal.

• India Rankings:

  • Odisha ranked first in NITI Aayog's first Fiscal Health Index.

  • Udaipur (Rajasthan) and Indore (Madhya Pradesh) are the first Indian cities to be recognized as Wetland Cities.* Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) for Sugarcane:

  • The government's committee on economic relations has set a new FRP of ₹355 per quintal for sugarcane, effective October 1, 2025.

  • The Commission for Agriculture Cost and Price (CACP) recommends the FRP.

• Sugarcane Production:

  • Brazil is the world's leading sugarcane producer.
  • Uttar Pradesh is India's leading sugarcane producer.
  • Sugarcane is processed into sucrose (table sugar).
  • Maharashtra is the leading producer of sugar in India.

• Other Current Affairs (brief mentions):

  • NITI Aayog's fiscal health index ranks Odisha first.
  • Udaipur (Rajasthan) and Indore (Madhya Pradesh) are the first Indian cities to be included in the list of recognized wetland cities.
  • Sharda Sinha, a renowned folk singer from Bihar, was posthumously awarded the Padma Vibhushan.

• Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP):

  • MSP is a government-guaranteed minimum price for surplus agricultural produce.
  • FRP, specifically for sugarcane, is a fair and remunerative price ensuring farmers receive a just price.

• Commission for Agriculture Costs and Prices (CACP):

  • The CACP is the body responsible for recommending MSP and FRP.

• World Economic Forum:

  • Klaus Schwab, founder of the World Economic Forum (established 1971), recently resigned after a long tenure as chairman.
  • The organization's headquarters are in Geneva.

• National Institute of Commerce and Agricultural Research:

  • Recently in the news; formerly known as the Tobacco Research Center; located in Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh.

• International Glass Congress:

  • The 27th International Glass Congress was held in India.

• Military Strength Rankings:

  • China has the world's largest active army, followed by India.

• Subhas Chandra Bose Disaster Management Award:

  • The recipient of the award is not specified in this excerpt.

• Martin Scorsese's Documentary:

  • A documentary titled "L'udience: A New Story," directed by Martin Scorsese, is based on the life of Pope Francis.

• Pope Francis:

  • Recently deceased (at the time of the lecture), Pope Francis resided in Vatican City (within Italy) and was head of the Catholic Church.

• India's First Air Taxi Prototype:

  • The headquarters of Sarla Aviation, the aerospace startup launching the prototype, is located in Bengaluru.

• World Economic Forum Crystal Awards:

  • David Beckham, Riken Yamamoto, and one other unnamed recipient received Crystal Awards at the 55th World Economic Forum.
  • Klaus Schwab, the founder, recently resigned after a long tenure (since 1971).
  • The WEF is headquartered in Geneva.

• Government Initiatives:

  • The "Depot Darpan" portal has been launched to monitor food storage quality, security, and prevent black marketing and corruption.
  • The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution is responsible for the portal.
  • The Food Corporation of India (FCI) will implement the portal.

• India's Rankings:

  • India ranked third in the Edelman Trust Barometer 2025.
  • India ranked fourth in the Global Firepower Index (behind the USA, Russia, and China).
  • India has the second-largest active army in the world (after China), according to a recent Global Firepower Index report.* Dipo Darshan Portal:
  • Launched by the Ministry of Food and Public Distribution.
  • Aims to monitor quality, security, and prevent black marketing in food storage depots.
  • Operational from May 20th.
  • Food Corporation of India (FCI) will implement it.

• India's Rankings in Global Indices:

  • Ranked 3rd in the Edelman Trust Barometer 2025.
  • Ranked 4th in the Global Firepower Index.
  • Ranked 2nd in the Global Firepower Index for active army personnel (behind China).

• Parakram Diwas:

  • Celebrated on 23rd January to mark Subhas Chandra Bose's birthday.

• InSpace:

  • Founded in 2020.
  • Headed by Pawan Goenka.
  • Aims to transport multiple small satellites into space simultaneously.

• 85th All India Presiding Officers' Conference:

  • Recently held in Patna.

• Vice President of the USA:

  • Kamala Harris

• BRICS Block:

  • Nigeria is the 9th member.
  • Indonesia is the 10th member.

• Formation Day:

  • Manipur, Meghalaya, and Tripura celebrated their formation day on January 21st, 1972.

• Satellite-Based Services (SBS) Initiative:

  • Launched by In-Space.
  • Full form: Satellite Bus as a Service.
  • Aims to democratize access to space for private players.

• Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary:

  • Madhav National Park in Madhya Pradesh is India's 58th tiger reserve.
  • Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Wildlife Sanctuary established in Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh.

• BCCI Secretary:

  • Devjit Sekia appointed as the new secretary.

• Infectious Disease Research Laboratory:

  • South India's first established in Bengaluru.

• Kho Kho World Cup:

  • India won in both men's and women's categories.
  • India hosted the event.

• Swamitva Yojana:

  • Scheme to determine land ownership.

• Madhya Pradesh Forest Monitoring System:

  • Launched India's first AI-powered real-time forest warning system.
  • Monitors a 10x10 meter area.* Indian Navy - Project P75:
  • Sixth and final submarine inducted (name not fully transcribed).
  • Previous submarines: INS Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, Vagir, Vagsheer.

• Interpol:

  • Issued its first Silver Notice to track laundered assets.

• Global Blue Flag Certification:

  • Kapad and Cherubi beaches in Kerala received certification.

• AI-Powered Forest Warning System:

  • Madhya Pradesh launched India's first AI-powered real-time system.
  • Monitors 10x10 meter areas for forest encroachment and deforestation.

• BRS COPs 2025 (Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm Conventions):

  • Held in Geneva, Switzerland, April 28th to May 9th.
  • Focus: Environmental protection, waste management (including e-waste), banning single-use plastics.
  • India banned Chlorpyrifos, a hazardous pesticide, based on the Stockholm Convention.

• Angola-India Relations:

  • President João Manuel Gonçalves of Angola visited India on May 2nd.
  • First state visit from Angola in 38 years.
  • Marks 40th anniversary of India-Angola relations.
  • Luanda is the capital of Angola.

• BRICS Expansion:

  • Indonesia became the tenth full member.

• South Coast Railway:

  • PM Modi laid the foundation stone for headquarters in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

• Lithium Reserves:

  • A new country (not specified, but implied to be second only to China) has become the world's second largest holder of lithium reserves.

• Online Wildlife Crime Portal:

  • Karnataka launched the Garudakshi portal for registering online wildlife crime FIRs.* UK Composition:

  • England and Wales = Britain.

  • England, Wales, and Scotland = Great Britain.

  • England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland = UK.

• Capital Cities:

  • Dublin is the capital of Ireland.
  • London is the capital of the UK.

• UK Prime Minister:

  • Keir Starmer.

• India Current Affairs:

  • Jallikattu 2025: Held in Tamil Nadu.
  • BharatPol portal: Launched by CBI, similar to Interpol.
  • Republic Day 2025 Chief Guest: President Joko Widodo of Indonesia.
  • ISRO Chairman: V. Narayanan (11th).
  • President of Angola visit: João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço visited New Delhi (first in 38 years), marking 40th anniversary of India-Angola relations.

• UK Carbon Capture Project (SeaCure):

  • Aims to absorb 100 tons of CO2 annually from the ocean.
  • Processes 3000 liters of water per minute.

• Kho Kho World Cup 2025:

  • Mascots: Tara and Tejas
  • Winner: India
  • Host: India

• Green GDP:

  • First state to adopt: Chhattisgarh

• POEM 4 Mission:

  • Seeds that germinated in space: Lobia

• International Monetary Fund (IMF):

  • Established: 1944 at Bretton Woods Conference (USA).
  • Twin sister of World Bank.
  • Headquarters: Washington D.C.
  • Publishes: Global Economic Outlook report.

• Generational Cohort:

  • Generation Beta: Born 2025-2039.

• IMF Fiscal Monitor Report 2025:

  • Sudan: 1st in loan-to-GDP ratio (252%).
  • China: 21st (96%).
  • India: 31st (80%), target is 50% (+/- 1%).

• Sudan:

  • Capital: Khartoum (where White Nile and Blue Nile meet to form the Nile River).```markdown

• IMF Fiscal Monitor Report 2025:

  • Sudan has the highest debt-to-GDP ratio at 252%.
  • China is ranked 21st with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 96%.
  • India is ranked 31st with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 80%.
  • India aims to reduce its debt-to-GDP ratio to 50% (+/- 1%).

• England Launches Ocean Carbon Capture Project:

  • "Sea Cure" project initiated to absorb carbon from the ocean.

• Angolan President's State Visit to India:

  • Three-day visit to New Delhi after 38 years.

• India's Advocacy at BRICS COP25:

  • Advocated for global action on chemicals and waste.

• Madhya Pradesh Launches AI-Powered Forest Warning System:

  • First of its kind in India, providing real-time alerts.

• In-Space's Satellite Bus Initiative:

  • Launched SBS (Satellite Bus Service) to strengthen private space players.

• India's "Depo Darpan" Portal:

  • Central government to launch a portal for real-time monitoring of food storage depots.

• Martin Scorsese's Documentary on Pope Francis:

  • Will produce a new documentary titled "Pope Francis."

• India Approves FRP for Sugarcane:

  • The CCEA, led by Prime Minister Modi, approved ₹355 per quintal FRP for sugarcane.

• Sanjay Jaiswal Appointed as Estimates Committee Chairman:

  • Appointed to head the parliamentary Estimates Committee.

• Amit Shah Unveils Statue:

  • Union Minister Amit Shah unveiled a statue of BofA Upendranath Brahma in New Delhi.

• India's Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-2012):

  • Achieved an 8% GDP growth rate.
  • The Right to Education Act was implemented on April 1, 2010.

• India's Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012-2017):

  • Focused on rapid, sustainable, and inclusive development.
  • Initial target of 9% GDP growth was revised to 8%, with an actual achievement of 6.7-6.9%.
  • Agriculture target was 4%.
  • Target fertility rate was 2.1% (replacement rate).

• 1991: New Economic Policy (LPG):

  • Adoption of Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization in response to a foreign exchange crisis.

• 8th Five-Year Plan (1992-1997):

  • Based on the John W. Miller model.
  • Focused on human resource development.
  • 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (Panchayati Raj and Municipalities) enacted.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO) established on January 1, 1995.

• 9th Five-Year Plan (1997-2002):

  • Targeted social justice, empowerment, and economic prosperity.
  • Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) launched (December 25, 2000).
  • Kargil War took place during this period.

• 10th Five-Year Plan (2002-2007):

  • Based on an input-output model.
  • Focused on social justice, empowerment, and development.
  • Achieved the highest growth rate to date at 7.6%.
  • National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) enacted in 2005, implemented February 2, 2006.

    - Goals: Modernization and social justice.
    - Slogan: "Roti, Rozi, aur Utpadakta" (Bread, Employment, and Productivity) or "Bhojan, Kaam aur Utpadakta" (Food, Work, and Productivity).
    - Development rate target: 5%; Achieved 6%.
    - Establishment of SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) in 1988.
    - Planning holiday from 1990-1992.

- **Economic Crisis of 1991 and LPG Reforms:**
    - Foreign exchange reserves crisis under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.
    - Adoption of New Economic Policy (NEP) – LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization).

- **Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992-1997):**
    - Based on the John W. Miller model.
    - Focus on human resource development.
    - Introduction of the Human Development Index (HDI) in 1990-91 by Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen, presented by UNDP.
    - 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (Panchayati Raj and Municipalities) in 1992.
    - Establishment of WTO on January 1, 1995.

- **Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-78):**  Ended prematurely.  DP Dhar model.  Target: Poverty alleviation.

- **Rolling Plan (1978-80):** Initiated by Morarji Desai's Janata Party government.  Originator: Dr. Gunnar Myrdal (book: *Asian Drama*).  Implementation in India: Lakdawala (Lakdawala Committee).

- **Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-85):** Input-output model.  Goals: Employment creation and poverty alleviation.  Establishment of NABARD (1982).  Nationalization of six more banks (1980).  Operation Blue Star and India's occupation of Siachen (1984).

- **Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-90):** Goal: Modernization with social justice.  Slogan:  "Roti, Rozgar, aur Utpadakta" (Food, Work, and Productivity).  Growth target: 5%, achieved 6%.  Establishment of SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) in 1988.

- **Plan Holiday (1990-92):**  Followed the Seventh Five-Year Plan.

- **1991 Economic Crisis:**  Foreign exchange reserves crisis under P.V. Narasimha Rao's government (Dr. Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister).  Led to the adoption of the New Economic Policy (LPG): Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization.

* **1971:** India-Pakistan War.
* **1974:** Operation Smiling Buddha (India's first nuclear test at Pokhran, Gujarat).
* **1969:** Nationalization of 14 banks.

* **Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1978):**
    * Ended prematurely.
    * D.P. Dhar model.
    * Target: Poverty alleviation.
    * Achieved 4.8% growth (target was 4.4%).

* **Rolling Plan (1978-1980):**
    * Introduced after a change in government (Morarji Desai as PM).
    * Originator: Gunnar Myrdal (book: *Asian Drama*).
    * Implemented in India by L. K. Jha.

* **Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-1985):**
    * Input-output model.
    * Targets: Employment creation and poverty alleviation.
    * Establishment of NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) in 1982.
    * Nationalization of six more banks in 1980.
    * Death of Indira Gandhi in 1984; Operation Blue Star; India's control over Siachen Glacier (Operation Meghdoot).

* **1966-1969: Plan Holiday and Green Revolution:** A three-year plan holiday (1966-69) was implemented, followed by the initiation of the Green Revolution to achieve food self-sufficiency.

* **Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974):**
    * Based on the Ashok Rudra Model (with a framework by D.R. Gadgil).
    * Goal: Development with stability.
    * Target: 5.5-5.7% growth; Actual: 3.3% growth.
    * Key Events: 1971 Indo-Pak war; 1974 Operation Smiling Buddha (first nuclear test at Pokhran, Gujarat); Nationalization of 14 banks.

* **Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1978):**
    * Based on the D.P. Dhar model.
    * Goal: Poverty eradication.
    * Target: 4.4%; Actual: 4.8% (specific numbers for targets and achievements are not consistently mentioned and should not be taken as precise.)
    * Note: This plan was the only one to end prematurely.

- **Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961):**
    - Based on the Mahalanobis model, emphasizing heavy industry.
    - Establishment of iron and steel plants in Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), Rourkela (Odisha), and Durgapur (West Bengal).
    - Target growth rate: 4.5%; Achieved growth rate: 4.27%.

- **Third Five-Year Plan (1961-1966):**
    - Based on the Sukhamoy Chakravarty model, focusing on agriculture and industry.
    - Affected by the Sino-Indian War (1962) and the Indo-Pakistani War (1965), resulting in failure to meet targets.
    - Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri; introduction of the slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan."
    - Establishment of the Food Corporation of India in 1965.

- **Plan Holiday (1966-1969):**
    - Three-year gap after the Third Five-Year Plan.
    - Introduction of annual plans.
    - Launch of the Green Revolution to achieve food self-sufficiency.

- **Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974):**
    - Based on the Ashok Rudra model (or D.R. Gadgil's framework).
    - Focused on development with stability.
    - Target growth rate: 5.5-5.7%; Achieved growth rate: 3.3%.
    - Affected by the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.*   **First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956):**
    *   Based on the Harrod-Domar model.
    *   Drafted by K.N. Raj.
    *   Focused on agriculture.
    *   Target growth: 2.1%; Achieved growth: 3.6%.

*   **Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961):**
    *   Based on the Mahalanobis model.
    *   Emphasized heavy industry.
    *   Establishment of iron and steel plants in:
        *   Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)
        *   Rourkela (Odisha)
        *   Durgapur (West Bengal)
    *   Target growth: 4.5%; Achieved growth: 4.27%.

*   **Third Five-Year Plan (1961-1966):**
    *   Based on the Sukhamoy Chakravarty model.
    *   Focused on both agriculture and industry.
    *   Target significantly impacted by the Sino-Indian War (1962) and the Indo-Pakistani War (1965).
    *   Establishment of the Food Corporation of India.
    *   Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri; introduction of the slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan".