Indian Five-Year Plans (Historical Context)
- First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956):
- Started: April 1, 1951.
- Model: Harold Domar Model (drafted by K.N. Raj).
- Focus: Agriculture.
- Growth: Target 2.1%, Achieved 3.6%.
- Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961):
- Model: Mahalanobis Model.
- Focus: Heavy Industries.
- Key Establishments: Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), Rourkela (Odisha), Durgapur (West Bengal) Iron & Steel Plants.
- Growth: Target 4.5%, Achieved 4.27%.
- Third Five-Year Plan (1961-1966):
- Model: Sukhmoy Chakravarty Model.
- Objective: Agriculture and Industry development.
- Impact: Failed due to India-China War (1962) and India-Pakistan War (1965).
- Events: "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" slogan (Lal Bahadur Shastri), Food Corporation of India (FCI) established (1965).
- Plan Holiday (1966-1969):
- Duration: Three years (1966-67, 1967-68, 1968-69).
- Implemented: Annual plans.
- Key Initiative: Green Revolution for food grain self-sufficiency.
- Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974):
- Model: Ashok Rudra Model (drafted by D.R. Gadgil).
- Objective: Economic development with stability and self-reliance.
- Growth: Target 5.5-5.7%, Achieved 3.3%.
- Events: India-Pakistan War (1971), First nuclear test (Operation Smiling Buddha) in Pokhran (1974), Nationalization of 14 banks (1969).
- Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1978):
- Duration: Ended prematurely after 4 years (originally 1974-1979).
- Model: D.P. Dhar Model.
- Objective: Poverty eradication ("Garibi Hatao").
- Growth: Target 4.4%, Achieved 4.8%.
- Rolling Plan (1978-1980):
- Introduced by: Janata Party government (Morarji Desai).
- Concept: Gunnar Myrdal (from "Asian Drama").
- Implemented in India by: Lakdawala.
- Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-1985):
- Model: Input-Output Model.
- Objective: Employment creation and poverty eradication.
- Events: NABARD established (1982), Nationalization of 6 more banks (1980), Operation Blue Star (1984), Operation Meghdoot (Siachen) (1984).
- Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-1990):
- Objective: Social justice with modernization.
- Slogan: "Roti, Rozi, Aur Utpadakta" (Bread, Work, and Productivity) or "Bhojan, Kaam, Aur Utpadakta" (Food, Work, and Productivity).
- Growth: Target 5%, Achieved 6%.
- Event: SEBI established (1988).
- Plan Holiday (1990-1992):
- Context: Foreign exchange crisis (1991).
- Key Initiative: New Economic Policy (LPG - Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization) adopted in 1991 under PM P.V. Narasimha Rao and FM Dr. Manmohan Singh.
- Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992-1997):
- Model: John W. Miller Model.
- Focus: Human Resource Development (influenced by HDI by Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen).
- Events: 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (Panchayati Raj, Nagara Nigam) (1992), WTO established (Jan 1, 1995).
- Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002):
- Objective: Economic growth with social justice and equality.
- Events: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (Dec 25, 2000), Kargil War.
- Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007):
- Model: Input-Output Model.
- Objective: Social justice and equality with development.
- Growth: Achieved 7.6% (highest up to this point).
- Event: NREGA Act 2005 (implemented Feb 2, 2006).
- Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-2012):
- Objective: Rapid and Inclusive Development.
- Growth: Achieved 8% (highest ever among all plans).
- Event: Right to Education Act 2009 (implemented April 1, 2010).
- Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012-2017):
- Last Five-Year Plan.
- Objective: Rapid, Sustainable, and Inclusive Development.
- Growth: Target 8%, Achieved 6.7-6.9%.
- Key Targets: Agricultural growth 4%, Total Fertility Rate 2.1%.
Current Affairs Updates
- Defence & Security:
- Jamata Coast Guard Exercise: Joint exercise between Japan and India Coast Guards in Chennai. Japanese ship Isushima participated. "Jamata" means "See you later" in Japanese.
- Related Exercises:
- Dharma Guardian (India-Japan)
- MITRA Shakti (India-Sri Lanka)
- Samudra Lakshman, Harimau Shakti, Udar Shakti (India-Malaysia)
- SIMBEX (India-Singapore)
- Ekuverin (India-Maldives)
- Tiger Kill (India-USA)
- Sainyabhyas (India-Cambodia)
- ACOMEN Exercise: Indian Navy participated in the first multi-national exercise ACOMEN with African nations in Tanzania.
- Rafale M Jets: India to purchase 26 Rafale M jets for the Navy from France.
- DRDO Laser Guided Weapon System: Tested MK-IIA (laser-guided weapon system).
- Economy & Technology:
- UPI Expansion: Trinidad and Tobago became the first Caribbean nation to allow UPI usage. UPI is developed by NPCI. Other countries using UPI include Bhutan, UAE, France, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Singapore.
- ISRO's Microprocessor: Vikram 3201 is India's first indigenous 32-bit microprocessor.
- World's First 3D-Printed Train Station: Built in Japan in 6 hours.
- New Development Bank (NDB) Members: Colombia and Uzbekistan are the 10th and 11th new members.
- Integrated Health Insurance Scheme: Launched by Union Health Minister J.P. Nadda from Odisha.
- AI-Based SMOS System: Andhra Pradesh launched "Smart Mosquito Surveillance System" (SMOS) in six municipal corporations as a pilot project to combat mosquito-borne diseases.
- Sports:
- Khelo India Para Games 2023: Held in Delhi, mascot Ujjwala (sparrow), Haryana topped the medal table.
- Khelo India Youth Games (7th): Held in Bihar, mascot Gaj Singh.
- Most Valuable IPL Team: Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) at $269 million (as per Hurun India). IPL 2024 winner was RCB.
- IPL 2024 Awards: Orange Cap - Sai Sudarshan, Purple Cap - Prasidh Krishna, Youngest Player - Vaibhav Suryavanshi.
- ISSF Shooting World Cup 2024 (Buenos Aires): India secured 2nd place.
- Sepak Takraw World Cup 2024-25: Indian men's Regu team won gold (tournament held in Bihar).
- Indian Football Super League 2024-25: Won by Mohun Bagan Club (Kolkata).
- Kabaddi World Cup 2024-25 (Men's & Women's): India won both titles, England was runner-up and host.
- Awards & Recognition:
- Jnanpith Award: Vinod Kumar Shukla became the first Hindi writer from Chhattisgarh to receive the award.
- British Knighthood: James Anderson received the British Knighthood for services in cricket.
- Avel Prize 2024 (Mathematics' Nobel): Awarded to Masaki Kashiwara.
- Oscar Awards: To include "Best Eastern Designer" award.
- Health & Environment:
- WHO's 3/35 Initiative: Launched by WHO to increase real prices of alcohol, sugary products, and tobacco by 50% by 2035 to reduce demand and increase government revenue. These products are linked to cancer, obesity, diabetes, and heart attack.
- World Water Day 2024: March 22, theme "Glacier Conservation."
- World Bio Product Day: Celebrated on July 7, theme "The Bio E3 Way 2025."
- World Rural Development Day: Celebrated on July 6.
- New Fish Species: Pethia dibrugardensis discovered in Brahmaputra River, Dibrugarh, Assam (Cyprinidae family).
- Mosquito-Borne Diseases:
- Dengue vector: Aedes aegypti.
- Malaria vector: Female Anopheles (discovered by Ronald Ross).
- Kala-azar vector: Sandfly.
- Sleeping Sickness vector: Tsetse fly.
- Government & Policy:
- NITI Aayog NER SDG Index Report 2023-24 (North East Region Sustainable Development Goals Index):
- Issued by NITI Aayog.
- Top District: Hnahthial (Mizoram).
- Bottom District: Longding (Arunachal Pradesh).
- Potti Sreeramulu Statue: 58-foot statue unveiled in Amravati (instrumental in formation of Andhra Pradesh on linguistic basis).
- First State Assembly in Sign Language: Punjab became the first state assembly to broadcast proceedings in sign language.
- Supreme Court on State Bills: Set a 3-month time limit for the President's decision on state bills.
- SC Classification Act: Telangana is the first state to implement the SC Classification Act.
- First Tribal Cooperative University: Started in Gujarat (named after Tribhuvanbhai Patel).
- NITI Aayog NER SDG Index Report 2023-24 (North East Region Sustainable Development Goals Index):
- Culture & Arts:
- First Indian Film in London's "Scenes in the Square": "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" (DDLJ).
- Milkaud's "Veera" Mascot: Launched by Punjab's Milkfed for its Verka brand.
- Puththandu Festival: Celebrated in Tamil Nadu.
- Kukrail Night Safari: India's first night safari in Lucknow.
- Sigmo Festival: Held in Goa.
- Book "Confessions of a Shakespeare Addict": Released by retired IPS V.S. Ravi in Hyderabad, celebrating lifelong love for Shakespeare's works.
- Space:
- All-Female Crew in Space: Blue Origin (Jeff Bezos' company) sent an all-female crew to space, first time since 1963.
- Indian Astronaut's Ham Radio Contact: Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla established contact with Earth via ham radio communication with ISRO.
- Other:
- International Olympic Committee (IOC) First Female President: Kirsty Coventry (from Zimbabwe).
- Black Box Lab: Inaugurated in Delhi.
- Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Wildlife Sanctuary: Established in Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh.