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Public Administration

I. New Public Administration (NPA)

  • Origin: Developed in the USA in 1968.

  • Context: Socio-economic turbulence in the USA pre-1968, characterized by:

    • Unemployment
    • Poverty
    • Rapid urbanization & slums
    • Environmental pollution
    • Transportation problems
  • Contributing Factors:

    • Social and economic turmoil: Blaming between politicians and civil servants for lack of development.
    • 1967 Honey Report: Highlighted failures of public administration leading to unemployment and poverty, due to inadequate policy execution and lack of development of Public Administration as a subject in the USA. Recommended scholarships for students, economic aid for researchers, and establishment of a National Institute of Public Administration (NIPA) for research and development.
    • 1967 Philadelphia Conference (Charlesworth): Addressed problems stemming from the politics-administration dichotomy advocated by Woodrow Wilson. Proposed flexibility in hierarchy, decentralization, and focusing on problems like poverty, unemployment, and environmental pollution.
  • Minnowbrook Conferences: Series of conferences held every 20 years (1968, 1988, 2008, next in 2028) to redefine public administration.

    ConferenceYearChairFocusKey Themes
    1st1968Dwight WaldoSocio-economic turmoilValue, equity, relevance, change; criticized public administration
    2nd1988RicksonEra of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization)Efficiency, economy, effectiveness, information technology; limited role for public administration
    3rd2008Rosemary O'LearyEconomic crisis, mobile governanceTransparency, accountability, responsibility; significant role for civil servants; "The Future of Public Administration, Public Service and Public Management"
  • Features of NPA:

    • Rejection of the politics-administration dichotomy.
    • Decentralization.
    • Four goals: Value, Equity, Relevance, Change.
    • Emphasis on changing the attitude of civil servants.
    • Public participation in public administration.
    • Support for de-bureaucratization/downsizing of bureaucracy.
    • Client sensitivity orientation.
  • Criticism of NPA:

    • Lack of integrity: simultaneously advocating for and against bureaucracy.
    • Overemphasis on values.
    • Initially irrelevant for developing countries (like India in 1968).

II. NPA's Relevance in India and Developing Countries

  • Rejection of Politics-Administration Dichotomy: Already largely rejected in India; bureaucrats play a significant role.
  • Decentralization: Achieved through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1993), empowering Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies.
  • Public Participation: Promoted through RTI, social audits, citizen charters, and public service guarantee acts.
  • Flexibility in Hierarchy: Facilitated by e-governance, reducing reliance on rigid hierarchical structures.
  • Change in Attitude of Civil Servants: Addressed through various committees and recommendations (e.g., Yugohinder Committee, Surendranath Chaturvedi Committee), leading to greater emphasis on ethics in civil services.
  • De-bureaucratization/Downsizing: Implemented through the Golden Handshake scheme (VRS for underperforming PSU employees), lateral entry schemes, and recommendations from the Fifth Pay Commission to abolish 30% of government jobs.

III. Upcoming Topics: Approaches to the Study of Public Administration.