Rajasthan

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Soil ​

  1. Meaning of Soil
  2. Composition of Soil
  3. Types of Soil
  4. Problems of Soil

1. Meaning of Soil ​

  • → A layer of unorganized rocks [Image of a layered soil profile with A-layer (मृदा), B-Layer (उपमृदा), C (बैड कंकर पत्थर), and D (आधारभूत चट्टाने) labels]
  • The layer of unorganized rocks on the upper surface of the earth is called soil or mrida.
  • Note: Pedology = The study of soil or soil science is called pedology.

2. Composition of Soil ​

[Pie Chart depicting the components of soil with labels: 25% जल, 25% वायु, 5% जैविक तत्व, 45% खनिज]

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3. Types of Soil ​

[Flowchart showing a branching diagram: भारत (ICAR) with "मृदा प्रकार 8" and "गौण प्रकार 27" under it, and Rajasthan (USDA) with "राज्य कृषि विभाग 14" and "वैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण 12"]

  • Note: Indian Council of Agricultural Research - 1929 (New Delhi)
  • USDA: United States Department of Agriculture - 1862

4. Classification by the State Agriculture Department ​

  • The soils of Rajasthan are divided into 14 parts by the State Agriculture Department.
Type of SoilDistricts
1. SierozemSri Ganganagar
2. ReverinaSri Ganganagar
3. GypsiferousBikaner
4. Mountain SoilUdaipur, Kota
5. Red Loamy SoilBanswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh (Mahi Basin)
6. Calci Brown Desert SoilJaisalmer, Bikaner

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Type of SoilDistricts
7. Non Calci Brown SoilNagaur, Ajmer, Sikar, Jhunjhunu
8. New Brown SoilAjmer, Bhilwara
9. Brown Soil/Gray-Brown Alluvial Soil (Luni Basin)Pali, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Jalore, Sirohi
10. Poly-Brown Soil (Banas Basin)Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Ajmer, Tonk, Sawai Madhopur
11. Desert SoilJaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer, Jodhpur + Shekhawati
12. Desert Sand Dune SoilJaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer, Jodhpur
13. Alluvial SoilAlwar, Bharatpur, Karauli, Dholpur, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk
14. Black Soil (Medium Deep Black Soil)Hadoti - Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar

Scientific Classification ​

  • The scientific classification of soils has been done by USDA.
  • The main basis of scientific classification is the size of the soil particles. [Map showing the division of Rajasthan into 4 regions with the labels: Aridisols, Entisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols]

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1. Aridisols ​

*   This soil is mainly found in Western Rajasthan, which extends in JBBJ (Jodhpur, Bikaner, Barmer, Jaisalmer).
  • Climate: Arid climate is found here.
  • Subgroups: Calci Orids, Sal Orids, Pale Orids, Cambo Orids

2. Entisols ​

*   Entisols are mainly found in the North-East of Rajasthan.
*   **Climate:** Arid and semi-arid
*   **Subgroups:** Saments and Torrifluvents
*   **Note:** Entisols are found the most in Rajasthan.
*    The second most found soil = Aridisols

3. Alfisols ​

*   This soil is mainly found in the eastern plains of Rajasthan.
 *   **Climate:** Humid and sub-humid
 *   **Subgroups:** Halustalfs

4. Inceptisols ​

(Red-Brown) * This soil is mainly found in the southern part of Rajasthan. * Major Districts: RBCU, Pali (Mewar), Udaipur, Banswara, Pratapgarh, Dungarpur * Climate: Semi-arid and humid

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5. Vertisols ​

*   Vertisols are mainly found in South-East Rajasthan / Hadoti region (Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar).
*  **Climate:** Humid and extremely humid
*   **Subgroups:** Pelyusterts & Cromerturts

General Classification of Rajasthan Soils ​

  1. Sandy/Loamy Soil

    • Nicknames: Desert, Arid Soil, Thirsty Soil

    • Formation: This soil is formed by the erosion of sandstone.

    • Extent/Distribution: This soil is mainly spread in Western Rajasthan.

      • Max.: Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer, Jodhpur and Shekhawati

    • Major Crops/Agricultural Products: Bajra, Gram, Groundnut, Pulses

      • Characteristics of Soil:
          1. Sandy soil is found the most in Rajasthan.
          1. It contains a higher amount of Ca (Calcium).
          1. The particles of this soil are the thickest. For this reason, repeated irrigation is required in it.

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2. Brown-Sandy Soil (Sierozem Soil) ​

*   **Formation:** Luni Basin and sandstone
*   **Extent:** Pali, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Jalore, Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Shekhawati
*   **Crop Production:** Cumin, Isabgol, Mung, Moth, Mustard, Chowla etc.
    *   **Characteristics:** This soil contains a higher amount of phosphate.

3. Saline Soil ​

  • Nicknames: Khar, Reh, Color (Barren Soil) * Formation: This soil is formed due to excessive irrigation in arid areas.
  • Extent: IGNP → Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner, Narmada Canal → Sanchore-Jalore, Barmer * Crop Production: Rice, Pomegranate, Sugarcane * This soil contains a higher amount of NaCl.
    • It is the least fertile soil.

4. Alluvial Soil ​

*   **Nicknames:** Delight Soil, Kachari Soil, Loamy Soil → (Khadar-Bangar), New Alluvial, Old Alluvial
*   [Diagram displaying Khadar, Bangar, Old Alluvial and New Alluvial soils]

Page 135 MAHECHA * Formation: From sediments deposited by rivers. * Extent: Alwar, Bharatpur, Karauli, Dholpur, Tonk, Sawai Madhopur * Crops Grown: Mustard, Wheat, Sugarcane, Rice * Characteristics: * (i) Alluvial soil is the most fertile soil. * (ii) Alluvial soil is found the most in India. * (iii) It contains a higher amount of potash.

5. Black Soil ​

*   **Nicknames:** Cotton Soil, Regur Soil, Self-plowing Soil, Volcanic/Lava Soil
*   **Formation:** This soil is formed from basalt lava rocks.
*   **Extent:** Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar (Hadoti Region)
*  **Agricultural Production:** Cotton, Soybean, Spice Crops
  *   **Characteristics:**
         *  (i) Black soil contains a higher amount of clay/chika.
        *(ii) Black soil has the highest water holding capacity.
        * (iii) This soil contains a higher amount of iron, aluminum, and limestone. → CaCO3
       * (iv) Black soil is also called Chernozem and Vertisol.

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6. Red Loamy Soil ​

    *   **Formation:** Formed from metamorphic and transformed rocks.
   *  **Extent:** Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh (Wagad), and the southern part of Udaipur, Chittorgarh.
   *  **Crops:** Maize, Rice, Sugarcane.
 *  **Characteristics:**
       *   This soil contains a higher amount of iron oxide, due to which its color is red.

7. Red-Black Soil ​

*   **Formation:** Formed from metamorphic and basalt rocks.
*  **Extent:** Bundi, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Pratapgarh. (BBCP)
*   **Crops Grown:** Maize, Cotton, Opium

8. Red-Yellow Soil ​

*   **Extent:** Banas Basin - Mewar Plain (RBCU) ,Malpura, Karauli (ATM)
*   **Crops Grown:** Mustard, Jowar

4. Problems of Soil ​

[Flowchart: Erosion, Sem, Salinity, Alkalinity, Soil Degradation]

1. Erosion ​

*   **Meaning:** The erosion of the upper surface of the earth is called "soil erosion."

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  • Causes of Erosion: * Excessive cutting of trees. * Overgrazing. * Unscientific agriculture (repeated cultivation). * Mining

  • Factors of Erosion:[Flowchart with labels: Air, Rainwater, River]

  • Types of Erosion:(i) Sheet Erosion (by air): * Most Common: West Rajasthan, Jaisalmer (ii) Sheet Erosion (by rainwater) * Sirohi, Rajsamand (iii) Gully Erosion (by river water): * Chambal Basin

    • Note: Main factor of erosion:
      • Rajasthan = Air, India and the World = Water

  • Solutions: * i) Afforestation * ii) Expansion of pastures *iii) Bunding of fields * iv) Scientific mining

  • Note: Erosion is called the "creeping death of soil" or "death of the farmer".

2. Sem / Water Logging (Jalakranta) ​

*   **Meaning:** The soil becomes marshy or the problem of moisture.

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  • Cause: Excess irrigation, water leakage
    • Affected Area: Hanumangarh - Badopal, Sri Ganganagar
    • Solution: Planting Safeda/Eucalyptus trees (Indo-Dutch Program) (India-Netherlands / Holland)

3. Salinity ​

  • Meaning: Due to excessive irrigation in arid areas, a white layer is formed.
    • Affected Area: Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner, Jalore (Sanchore), Barmer.
*   **Solution:**
    *[Flowchart: Fertilizer (Gypsum) method, Leaching]*

4. Alkalinity ​

 * **Meaning:** The pH value of the soil being more than 8 is called alkaline.
   * **Cause:** Excessive use of chemical fertilizers/manures.
   *  **Solution:** Green manure of Guar and Dhaincha.

5. Soil Degradation ​

  • Meaning: The loss of physical, chemical and biological quality of soil is called 'soil degradation'.

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  • Rajasthan ka Bhugol
  • Cause: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers
  • Solution: Use of organic fertilizers
Organic State (India)District (Rajasthan)
SikkimIshwarpur