Rajasthan

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Drainage System and Rivers ​

  • <- In Rajasthan, the drainage system is divided into three parts based on the confluence:
    1. Arabian Sea Rivers (17%)
    2. Inland Rivers (60%)
    3. Bay of Bengal Rivers (23%)

Characteristics of the Drainage System ​

  1. The drainage system of Rajasthan is mainly based on the monsoon.

  2. The highest number of inland rivers in the country is found in Rajasthan because the desert is more widespread here.

  3. The Aravali is called the water-dividing line of Rajasthan because it divides the drainage system into two parts: rivers flowing into the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

    • Rajasthan's contribution to the country's total surface water and river water is 1.16%.
    • Note: Rajasthan's contribution to the country's total groundwater is 1.72%.

  4. In Rajasthan's drainage system ->

    • Main Basins = 15
    • Sub-basins = 58

Page 66

A. Arabian Sea Rivers ​

*   (i) Luni River
*   (ii) Mahi River
*   (iii) West Banas River
*   (iv) Sabarmati River

(i) Luni River ​

*   <- **Origin:** Nag Hills (Ajmer)
*   <- **Confluence:** Rann of Kutch (Gujarat)
*   <- **Length:** 495 km (Length in Rajasthan: 350 km)
*   <- **Catchment Area:**  "Apna Baja" (Trick)
    *   <- Ajmer, Pali, Nagaur, Barmer (Balotra), Jalore (Sanchore), Jodhpur
*   <- **Tributaries:**
    *   Trick: 'Suki Bandi Khari, jo Jawai se mili' + Guhiya
      *Suki, Bandi, Khari, Jojari, Jawai, Sagi, Meethi, Lilri, Guhiya
    *   Suki, Bandi, Khari, Jojari, Jawai, Sagi, Meethi, Lilri, Guhiya

    *   **Note:** The Bandi River is called the 'Chemical River of Rajasthan' due to the dyeing and printing industry.

Page 67

Nagaur
Ajmer
Sabarmati
AjmerKothariBanas
Jojari
Nag Hills (Ajmer)
Confluence (Ladmer)
Jodhpur
PaliGuhiya
Lilri
Bandi
Jalore
Sagi(Sirohi)
Meethari
Jawai
Jaswant Pura Hills
Nehad's Run (Sanchore)
Khari (Sirohi)
Rann of Kutch (Gujarat)

  • Jojari: The only tributary of the Luni which comes from the right side and the only tributary which does not originate from the Aravali.

  • Characteristics of Luni:

    • Other Names: Sagarmati, Lavanvati, Half-Sweet, Half-Salty, According to Kalidas (Anta Salila)
    • Rewa/Nada: The catchment area of the Luni in Jalore-Sanchore is called Rewa/Nada.
    • The contribution of the Luni River to the total drainage system of Rajasthan: 10.40%
    • The Luni River is the longest river in the desert of the country.

Page 68

  • Dam Projects:
    1. Jaswant Sagar/Pichiyak Dam → Jodhpur → Luni
    2. Hemawas Dam → Pali → Bandi
    3. Jawai Dam → Pali/Sumerpur → Jawai
    4. Bankali Dam → Jalore → Sukdi

Jawai Dam- Sumerpur (Pali) ​

  • It is the largest dam in Western Rajasthan, which is called "Amrit Sarovar of Marwar".
  • Water Supply: Pali, Jodhpur, Sirohi, Jalore
  • When there is a shortage of water in Jawai Dam, water is supplied through the Sei Water Tunnel (Udaipur to Pali).

(ii) Mahi River ​

*   **Origin:** Mehad Lake (Dhar District, M.P)
*   **Confluence:** Gulf of Khambhat (Gujarat)
*   **Length:** 576 km (Length in Rajasthan = 171 km)
*   **Catchment Area:** Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh (Wagad Plain)
*   The Mahi River enters Rajasthan from Khandu (Banswara).
*   **Tributaries:**
    *   Trick: 'Iru Jakham Som Moren Anas ko saath lekar Merina Chaap par'
       *Ira/Iru, Jakham, Som, Anas, Moren, Chaap
      (Pratapgarh) (Pratapgarh) (Udaipur) (M.P) (Dungarpur) (Banswara)

Page 69

Dungarpur
(Soung) (Jakham)
(Anas)
(Pratapgarh)Iru
Dungarpur
Triveni Sangam (Baneshwar)Banswara
DungarpurChap (Banswara)(Khandu Village)
Anas River
Gulf of Khambhat
Mehad Lake (M.P)
(Amreru Hills)
Rajasthan
Entry of Mahi
River in Khandu (Banswara)
Kadana DamKadana DamBaneshwarMehad Lake
Mahi Sagar DistrictMahi Sagar District(Dungarpur)
(Gujarat)(Gujarat)(Triveni Sangam)(Amreru Hills)
Gulf of Khambhat (Gujarat)
  • Characteristics of Mahi: * Nicknames: Ganga of Wagad Ganga of Tribals Ganga of Kanthal (Pratapgarh) Golden Line of Rajasthan

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  • Triveni Sangam: Beneshwar Dham (Nawa Tapra, Dungarpur, Banswara)

    • → Som + Mahi + Jakham
      • Note: A fair is organized here on "Magh Purnima", which is called "Kumbh" of the tribals (Beneshwar Fair).

  • The Mahi is the only river in the world that cuts the Tropic of Cancer twice.

| Cancer | Mahi 23 1/2° | | | | Revolution | | |TRICK- Maa ka li | | Equator | |0° | | | Tropic of Capricorn | | | 23 1/2° |

*   The number of islands is high in the Mahi River region (Banswara). Therefore, Banswara is called the city of 100 islands.
*   The Mahi is the only river in Rajasthan that enters from the south and finally flows towards the west.
  • Dam Projects:
    • (i) Mahi Bajaj Sagar → Banswara
    • (ii) Kagdi Pickup → Banswara
    • (iii) Kadana Back Water → Dungarpur
    • (iv) Kadana Dam → Gujarat
    • (v) Som-Kagdar Project → Udaipur
    • (vi) Som-Kamala Project → Dungarpur
    • (vii) Jakham Dam → Pratapgarh

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  1. Mahi Bajaj Sagar * Location: Borkheda (Banswara) * Mahi Bajaj Sagar is the longest dam in Rajasthan and the largest dam in the tribal area. * Its total length is 3109 meters.
  2. Jakham Dam * Location: Sitamata Sanctuary (Pratapgarh) * This is the highest dam in Rajasthan. * Its total height is 81m. (243 ft)

Sabarmati River ​

*   **Origin:** Padarana Hills (Udaipur)
*   **Confluence:** Gulf of Khambhat
*   **Length:** 416 km (In Rajasthan - 45 km)
*   **Catchment Area:** Udaipur, Dungarpur (Gujarat)
  • Tributaries:
    • Trick: "Vaise hi Mava chahiye" *Vaitrak *Harnav *Mansi *Sei *Meva *Vakal *Hathmati *Majam Udaipur Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gulf of Khambhat Sabarmati

Page 72

Characteristics: ​

  1. Water Tunnel
    • Sei Water Tunnel
      • Water supply to Jawai Dam (Udaipur to Pali).
      • First water tunnel of Raj.
    • Mansi-Vakal Water Tunnel
      • Water supply in the Devas Project/Mohanlal Sukhadia Project.
      • Longest water tunnel of Raj. (11.2 km)
  2. Sabarmati is the first river of Rajasthan on which "River Front" (Ahmedabad, Gujarat) has been built.

West Banas ​

*   **Origin:** Naya Sanwara Hills (Sirohi)
*   **Confluence:** Little Rann of Kutch (Gujarat)
*   **Length:** 266 km (In Rajasthan - 50 km)
*   **Catchment Area:** Rajasthan, Gujarat
*   **Tributaries:** Sukli/Sipu, Kunkdi

Naya Sanwara Hills (Sirohi) Western Banas Little Rann of Kutch (Gujarat) Deesa (Gujarat) Page 73

2. Inland Rivers ​

1. Ghaggar
2. Kantli/Kakni
3. Sabi
4. Banganga
5. Ruparel
6. Kakani/Kakney (Masurdi)

1. Ghaggar River ​

       Entry at Talwada (Hanumangarh)      |           |        |Upstream
        Haryana  |       |        |         |
        Fort Abbas   |   |   |            Shivalik
        (Pakistan)  |   |   |       Hills (H.P)
       |Talwada  |      |      |
     (Tibbi tehsil,   |     |    |
     Hanumangarh) |        |           (Entrance in Raj)

*   **Origin:** Shivalik Hills (Kalka Hills) (H.P)
*   **Catchment Area:** Hanumangarh, Sri Ganganagar, Anupgarh
*   **Characteristics:**
    *   **(i) Nicknames:** Saraswati River (ancient name)
                                  Dead River / Nat/Sota River / Drishadvati River
    *  **(ii) Catchment Area of Ghaggar:**
        *   Hakra (Pak.)
        *   Nali/Pat (Hanumangarh)

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  • (iii) Ghaggar is the only river coming from the Himalayas to Rajasthan.

  • (iv) Ghaggar River is the longest inland river in the country/Rajasthan.

    • While the longest inland river in Rajasthan is Kantli.

  • (v) Fort Abbas is the last point of Ghaggar, which is located in Pakistan.

    • Note: Shri Ram Water and Hanuwant Rai have been appointed to find the ancient route of the Saraswati River.

      • -> It is the only river in the Bikaner division.

2. Kantli River ​

*   **Origin:** Khandela (Sikar)
*   **Catchment Area:** Torawati (Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Neem ka Thana)
    * (Area of Kantli River)
      * Jhunjhunu - Sunari Civilization
      * Neem ka Thana - Ganeshwar Civilization
     * Khandela Hills (Sikar)
*   **Note:** The Kantli River is the longest inland river in Rajasthan, with a total length of 100 km.

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3. Sabi River (Najafgarh Nala) ​

*   **Origin:** Sever Hills (Jaipur Rural)
*   **Catchment Area:** Jaipur Rural, Kotputli Behror, Khairthal-Tijara
   *   Jindpura Civilization (Remains of Holi's tooth)
        * Sever Hills
        * Gurgaon Plain (HR)
        * Jaipur Rural
  • Characteristics: * Sabi is the only river in Rajasthan that ends in the Gurgaon plain of Haryana.

4. Banganga River ​

*   **Origin:** Bairath Hills (Kotputli Behror)
*   **Catchment Area:**
    * Kotputli Behror
    * Jaipur Rural
    * Dausa
    * Bharatpur
 *  Rasmgadh dam (Jaipur)
*Bairah Hills
(Jaipur)
     Agra
    Ajab Dam
       Ajan Lake
      (Bharatpur)
   Yamuna
  • Characteristics: * Nicknames: Ganga of Arjun, Tala River, Rundit River

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  • Note:

    1. Rundit River: Those tributaries that end before falling into the main river, ex. Banganga River
    2. The Banganga River has been included in the inland river since 2012.

  • Dam Projects of Banganga:

    • (i) Ramgarh Project: Water will be supplied from Indrasar Dam for this project.
    • (ii) Keoladeo (Ajan Dam): Water is supplied from Pachna Dam (Karauli), Gambhir River, and Yamuna Link Canal.

5. Ruparel River (Varaha River) ​

*   **Origin:** Udaynath Hills (Alwar)
*   **Catchment Area:** Alwar, Deeg and Bharatpur
  * Udaynath Hills
 *Lohagarh
  *Moti Jheel (Alwar)
*Sujan Ganga(Bharatpur)
  • Characteristics:
    • Moti Jheel: It is a freshwater lake located in Bharatpur.
      • It is called the 'Lifeline of Bharatpur' because it supplies water for irrigation in Bharatpur.

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  • Blue-green algae are found in abundance in this lake and are useful in making fertilizers.

  • Sujan Ganga: It is a link/channel that connects Motijheel and Lohagarh.

6. Kakani River/Kakney/Masurdi River ​

*   **Origin:** Koterii village (Jaisalmer)
   *   Bhooj Jheel (Jaisalmer)
   *   Fresh water lake
*   Smallest inland river of Rajasthan
  *desert

7. Other Inland Rivers: ​

| Deewana | | Khandela River | |----------------|------------------------------------------------| | Khari | | Sikar | | |Kuchaman |Meva River | |Nagaur | |(Didwana -Kuchaman)| | | | Nawa | | | | | | | Jaipur Rural | | | | | Manoharpura Hills | | | |(Ajmer) | | | | | | Rupnagarh (Ajmer) |

  • The river that deposits the most salinity in Sambhar is Medha.

  • Note: Sambhar Lake is an example of a centripetal river pattern.

Page 78

3. Bay of Bengal Rivers ​

*   Chambal
*   Banas
*   Bedach/Ayad
*   Gambhir
  Gambhir -MP

1. Chambal River ​

*   **Origin:** Janapav Hills (M.P) (Udore- Mau- Vindhyan Range)
*   **Confluence:** Yamuna (Utawa - U.P)
*   **Length:** 1051 km (Rajasthan = 322 km) Old data: 966 km (135km in Rann)

*   **Catchment Area:**
    * Chittorgarh  (Rajasthan Entry: Chaurasigarh)
     *flows (Kota, Bundi)
    *   Dang (Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Dholpur)
    *   Hanging Bridge, Yamuna (U.P), Dang Pradesh, Chulia Waterfall, Chaurasigarh (Chittorgarh)
        Janapav Hills
        (M.P)

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  • Tributaries:

    • Trick: Guruo Mein Maa Para ne aaj Kali Dhoda

      • Gujali, Bhej, Mangli, Parvati, Aah, Kalisindh

      • Par Dwar Dwara Prak Se Mara *Parwan, Banas, Brahmini, Chakan, Seep

    • Note:

      1. The Banas is the longest tributary of the Chambal.
      2. The Kalisindh is the longest tributary that joins the Chambal from the right side.
      3. Samela: The confluence of Kalisindh and Aah rivers is called Samela.
        • The best water fort of Rajasthan (Gagron) is located on the banks of this confluence.
      • Yamuna River

    • Karauli Chambal River

    • Dhulicha River Ramesswaram (Sawai Madhopur) Seep River Parvati

  • Kota    Salaabad  Kota        Parwan

*   Salaabad      Brahmini   Chilod
     Kalisiindh      Rajsamand

Tributaries on the left sidePage 80

  • Characteristics:
    1. Nicknames of Chambal:
      • Charmanvati (ancient river)
      • Kamdhenu
      • Barahmasi/Baramasa
    2. Triveni Sangam: Rameswaram Ghat (Papara Village- Sawai Madhopur) * Chambal + Banas + Seep
    3. Protected animals in Chambal:
      • Gharial
      • Gangetic Sus (Dolphin)
      • Otter (Refuge of Gharials)
    4. Chulia Waterfall:
      • Located on the Chambal River in Bhainsrodgarh (Chittorgarh).
      • It is the highest waterfall in Rajasthan.
      • Its total height is 18 m.
  1. Hanging Bridge:
    • The only hanging bridge in Rajasthan is located on the Chambal River in Kota.
    • Its total length is 1.5 KM.
*   **Note:** Proposed Hanging Bridge of Rajasthan = Mahi River (Banswara)
  1. Coreen River Front: * It is located on the Chambal River in Kota, which is the first river front in Rajasthan.

Page 81 7. Chambal is the longest and most continuously flowing river of Rajasthan. 8. Chambal is the longest river on the interstate border (RAJ+MP). 9. The highest number of Gorge Valley (V-Shape Valley) in Rajasthan is located on the Chambal River. * Gorge Valley (less wide valley) * V-shaped valley * V-shaped valleys are called Gorges or Canyons. * Canyon Valley (more wide valley) 10. Dam Projects: * Confluence in Yamuna * 2. Jawahar Sagar (Kota-Bundi) * 4. Kota Barrage * 3. Rana Pratap Sagar (Chittorgarh) 1. Gandhi Sagar (M.P) * Origin (M.P) * Note: Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is the largest dam in Rajasthan. * Gandhi Sagar is the largest dam on the Chambal.

2. Banas River ​

*   **Origin:** Khamnor Hills (Rajsamand)
*   **Confluence:** Chambal (Rameswaram Ghat- Sawai Madhopur)

Page 82 * Length: 512 km (Old length- 480 km) * Catchment Area: * Mewar Plain (RBCU) Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Udaipur * Jalpur-Karauli (ATM) Ajmer, Tonk-Kekri, Sawai Madhopur * Tributaries: * Trick: Kali Dhakan Masi Meva Mor Bandi * Kalisindh, Dhai, Menal, Meral, Bandi, Aam ko kha gayi * Ahar/Bedach, Kothari, Khari

  • Jaipur
  • Kothi *Karauli Kalisindh * Seep

    • Khari Rajsamand

    • Rajmahal (Tonk) Chambal

    • Deveer Khambal

    • Menal

    • Triveni Sangam Rameswaram Ghat

      •  Mesa      (Sawai Madhopur)

    • Banas

    • Khamnor

    • Gogunda Hills (Udaipur)

    • Bedach

      • Udaisagar Lake

    • Khamnor Page 83

*   **Note:** Khari is the longest tributary of Banas.
      * Bedach is the longest tributary of Banas on the right side.
  • Characteristics: * (i) Nicknames: * Hope of the Forest * Varnasha * Vashistha * (ii) Triveni Sangam: The maximum number of Triveni Sangams in Rajasthan are located on the Banas River. * Beengod (Bhilwara) Banas, Bedach, Menal * Rajmahal (Tonk) Banas, Khari, Dai * Rameswaram Ghat (Sawai Madhopur) Banas, Chambal, Seep 3. The Banas River is the most polluted river in Rajasthan. 4. Banas is the longest river that flows only in Rajasthan * As per 2017 reports. 5. Dam Projects: * Isarda Dam * Confluence (Rameswaram Ghat) * Banaspur Sawai Madhopur * Rajsamand Tonk * Mayudiya * Nandsamand Dam 52 Dam (Chittorgarh) (Rajsamand)

Page 84 * Morel Dam (Sawai Madhopur - Dausa) - Morel River * Meja Dam (Bhilwara) - Meja River * Galwa Dam - Tonk - Galwa River

  • Bisalpur Dam:
    • It is located on the Banas River in Tonk.
    • The construction period/start of this dam = 1999 AD
  • Characteristics of Dam:
    • This is the largest concrete dam in Rajasthan.
    • Bisalpur Dam is the largest drinking water project in Rajasthan.
    • Water supply:
      • Tonk (drinking water and irrigation)
      • Ajmer-Nagaur
      • Jaipur-Dausa and Sawai Madhopur
    • Bisalpur Dam will be connected to the ERCP (Eastern Rajasthan Canal project).
    • Excess water from Bisalpur will be released into the Isarda Dam.
    • Bisalpur Dam has been given the status of 'Mini Goa' by the tourism department.
    • A Fish Aquarium and Breeding Center for colorful fishes has been set up on the banks of the dam.
    • Bisalpur is the first Conservation Reserve Area of Rajasthan. (2008)

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3. Bedach / Ayad River ​

*   **Origin:** Gogunda Hills, Udaipur
*   **Confluence:** Banas (Beingod- Bhilwara)
*   **Catchment Area:** UCB (Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara)
*   **Tributaries:** Gambhiri, Orai

  *Confluence Triveni
    (Bhilwara)
  *Banas
    *   Chittorgarh Fort
  *Mesa Plateau
  *Gambhiri M.P
    *   Gogunda Hills
   *   Udaisagar Lake
  • Characteristics: 1. Udaisagar Lake (Udaipur): The Ayad River is called Bedach after falling into this lake. 2. Chittorgarh Fort: It is located on the banks of the Bedach and Gambhiri rivers. 3. Bedach is the longest tributary of the Banas on the right side.

4. Gambhiri River / Utangan River ​

*   **Origin:** Sapotra Tehsil (Karauli)
*   **Confluence:** Yamuna (Mainpuri, UP)
*  **Length:** 288 km

Page 86 * Catchment Area: BCD (Bharatpur, Karauli, Dholpur) * Tributaries: Parvati-II/ Parvati * Trick: A Ma Bhadavari Bhaisa Barkhadi * Ata Mapi Bhadavati, Bhaisavat, Barkheda

        * Pachna Dam (Karauli): It is the largest mud dam in Rajasthan.
            *   **Note:** When there is a water shortage in the Ajan Dam, the water supply is done from the Pachna Dam.

                *   Ajan Dam (Bayana) ancient path
          * Lawan
          * Mainpuri (U.P)
          * Atar
          * Pachna (Karauli)
          * Yamuna  M.P

(Only RAS Pre)

  1. Rivers in Rajasthan | Most Rivers | Least Rivers | | ------------- | ------------ | | District |Division |District |Division | | Chittorgarh | Kota | Bikaner | Bikaner | Page 87
  2. Long Rivers of Rajasthan:
    • (i) Longest river of Northern Rajasthan - Ghaggar
    • (ii) Longest river in Western Rajasthan or Desert - Luni river
    • (iii) Longest river of Southern Rajasthan / Tribal Area - Mahi River
    • (iv) Longest river of full Rajasthan / longest river in Rajasthan - Chambal River
  • Note: Longest river flowing solely in Rajasthan - Banas River

  1. Order of Rivers by Length (Descending Order)Trick

    • Ch = Chambal = 1051 km
    • M = Mahi = 576 km
    • B = Banas = 512 km
    • L = Luni = 495 km

  2. Order of Rivers in Rajasthan by Catchment Area

    • (i) Banas - 45000 km² (approx)
    • (ii) Luni - 37000 km²
    • (iii) Chambal- 32,000 km²
    • (v) Banganga - 8,800 km²
    • (iv) Mahi - 16,000 km² * (vi) Sabarmati - 4000 km² * NOTE: River of Rajasthan which has highest catchment area - (In Rajasthan) - Banas

  3. Order of Rivers by Taukseen

    • (i) Luni = 12
    • (ii) Banas = 10
    • (iii) Chambal = 7/8
    • (iv) Mahi = 6

Page 88Page 89

6. Order of rivers on the basis of water availability -

(i) Chambal(ii) Banas(iii) Mahi

7. Main Rivers and Tributaries of Rajasthan:

(i) Sagi = Luni

  • Sagi = Inland

(ii) Sukri = Luni

  • Sukri- West Banas

(iii) Sipu = West Banas

  • Sipu = Chambal

(iv) West Banas = Arabian Sea

  • Banas (Rajsamand) = Bay of Bengal

(v) Morel = Mahi

  • Morel (Jaipur) = Banas (Sawai Madhopur)

(vi) Mansi = Banas *Mansi = Vakal (Sabarmati)

(vii) Kalisindh = Chambal (M.P)

  • Kalisindh = Banas (Sawai Madhopur)

(viii) Parvati = Chambal *Parvati = Ramgarh

(ix) Gambhiri = Yamuna *Gambhiri = Bedach (Chittorgarh Fort)

Page 90

(x) Kantli = Torawati *Kakni = Masurdi of Jaisalmer

(xi) Ruparel = Alwar to Bharatpur (Moti Jheel)

  • Rupnagar (Ajmer) = Sambhar Lake

(xii) Bandi = Luni (Arabian Sea) Pali *Bandi = Ajmer (Banas)

(xiii) Khari = Shergaon Hills (Sirohi) -> Bundi (Arabian Sea) *Khari = Nagaur -> Sambhar Lake (Inland) * Khari = Bijral Hills (Rajsamand) -> Banas

8. Importance of Rivers: * Creation of fertile plains. * Increasing the groundwater level. * Increasing biodiversity. * Drinking water supply * Water supply for irrigation * Religious significance (Triveni Sangam) * Fisheries * Hydroelectric power (Chambal, Mahi, Jakham)