I. Corruption

A. Definition

• Abuse of Power, Nepotism, Favoritism

B. Second ARC (Administrative Reforms Commission) Formula

• Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion - Accountability

C. Chanakya's View

• Difficult to detect misuse of government resources by officials, similar to tracking water consumed by a fish in a lake.

D. IPC (Indian Penal Code) Section 161 (Likely outdated, but still relevant context)

• A public servant taking undue advantage for themselves or others (beyond legal remuneration), leading to biased decision-making, constitutes corruption.

E. CPI (Corruption Perception Index)

• Published by Transparency International (NGO)
• India's Rank (Approximate): 93 out of 183
• Scale: 0 (Most Corrupt) - 100 (Least Corrupt)
• India's Score (Approximate): 39

F. Types of Corruption (Based on CVC - Central Vigilance Commission)

• Note: CVC identifies 27 types. Here are a few examples:
  • Administrative: Manipulating government rules/procedures for illegal benefit.
  • Political: Buying votes, influencing policy through corrupt means.
  • Public: Misuse of public organizations for personal gain (e.g., diverting supplies from the Public Distribution System).
  • Grand: High-level officials and politicians involved.
  • Petty: Corruption at lower levels.
  • Collusive: Both bribe giver and taker participate willingly.
  • Other: Judicial, Police, etc.

G. Scope of Corruption

• Allocation of Natural Resources (Coal, Minerals, etc.)
• Public Distribution System (PDS), Public Services (e.g., MNREGA)
• Human Resource Management (Recruitment, Promotions)
• Public Procurement (Military Equipment, etc.)
• Infrastructure Construction (Roads, Bridges, etc.)

H. Symptoms and Characteristics

• Unethical acts for direct/indirect benefit.
• Exists in all areas of public administration (Political, Administrative, Judicial, etc.).
• Personal bias, greed, and self-interest are drivers.
• Desire for quick results.
• Can involve cash, goods, or services.
• Corruption can be both a means and an end.

I. Major Scams (Remember approximate dates)

• Fodder Scam (approx. 1985)
• Satyam Scam (approx. 2009)
• 2G Spectrum Scam (approx. 2010 - verify)
• Commonwealth Games Scam (approx. 2011)
• IPL Scam (approx. 2013)

J. Reasons for Corruption

• Political: Criminalization of politics, crony capitalism, black money in elections, lack of political will.
• Administrative: Politicization of bureaucracy, colonial bureaucratic legacy, lack of transparency, failed administrative reforms.
• Social/Moral: Decline in moral values, social acceptability of corruption, increasing materialism, lack of value-based education.
• Economic: Low pay scales, income inequality, high share of the informal sector, complex legal system.

K. Side Effects of Corruption (PSECR - Political, Social, Economic, Cultural, Administrative)

• Political: Harm to national interest, mistrust in public, reduced quality of services, criminalization of politics.
• Administrative: Lack of efficiency (The 3 E's: Efficiency, Effectiveness, Economy), red tape, mistrust.
• Social: Increased social inequality, decreased public welfare, lack of social justice.
• Economic: Damage to public treasury, increased public expenditure, increased economic inequality, increased black money.
• Other: Threat to national security, terror funding, increased smuggling, abetment to crimes.

L. Measures to Prevent Corruption

• Legal Remedies:
  • Prevention of Corruption Act (1988, amended 2018)
  • PMLA (Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002)
  • CVC Act (2003)
  • RTI Act (2005)
  • Lokpal and Lokayukta Act
  • FCRA Regulations (2010)
• Administrative Measures:
  • E-Governance
  • Single-Window Clearance
  • JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhar, Mobile)
  • Citizen's Charter
  • Social Audit Monitoring
  • Digitization of Land Records
• Economic Measures:
  • Demonetization
  • Digitization
  • E-Way Bill
  • Simplifying Laws
  • GST
• Electoral Reforms:
  • Compulsory declaration of property and sources of income.
  • Limits on election expenditure (Lok Sabha: 95L/70L, State Assembly: 40L/32L).
• Other Measures:
  • E-Tenders
  • E-Marketplace
  • Implementation of Second ARC recommendations.
  • Stricter Model Code of Conduct
  • Implementation of Public Service Guarantee Act.
• Prevention of Corruption Amendment Act 2018
  • Taking and Giving Bribe are both considered crimes.
  • Prior permission from the government is necessary for investigation of government employees.
  • Quick disposal of cases within two years
  • Imprisonment from 3 to 7 years

M. Conclusion

• Corruption is a slippery slope.

II. Communalism

A. Definition

• Deep attachment to one's own community and intolerance towards other communities.
• Considered a contribution of the intellectual class of society.

B. Vipin Chandra's View

• Communalism is a major obstacle to national integration.
• Three Key Factors:
  1. Giving importance to one's own creed/community/group.
  2. Treating other sections/communities/groups as different from one's own.
  3. Seeing one's own interests as conflicting with the religious interests of others.

C. Reasons for Rise of Communalism

• Divide and Rule Policy of the British
  • Partition of Bengal (1905)
  • Separate Electorate System (1909)
  • Communal Award (1932)
• Hindu Communalism:
  • Shuddhi Movement (Arya Samaj)
  • Concept of Ram Rajya
• Muslim Communalism:
  • Temple demolition, Cow slaughter.
  • Theory of a separate nation.
• Other Reasons:
  • Appeasement politics
  • Fake news, hate speech.
  • Administrative failure
  • Class division, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment.

D. Consequences of Communalism

• Hindrance to National Integration
• Large-scale loss of life and property
• Increase in mutual hatred
• Feeling of insecurity among minority communities
• Threat to national security
• Hindrance to economic development
• Deterioration of international image
• Disintegration of the social fabric of the nation
• Promotes religious fanaticism and intolerance
• Increase in terrorism and separatism.

E. Measures to Deal with Communalism

• National Integration Council (1962)
• National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH)
• Special training for administrators.
• Strict laws
• Reforms in criminal justice system
• Reduce economic/income inequalities
• Provide employment
• Use technology responsibly (Social Media, etc.)
• Reduce political interference in religion.

F. History of Communal Riots (Examples)

• Moplah Rebellion
• Direct Action Day (1946) - Led to Pakistan State
• Anti-Sikh Riots (1984)
• Kashmiri Pandit Exodus (1989)
• Babri Masjid Demolition (1992)
• Godhra Case (2002)
• Delhi Riots (2020)