I. Ethics: General Introduction

• Why Ethics? Regulates conduct, answers life’s deep questions, builds an ideal society, differentiates right from wrong.
• Why Ethics in Administration? Prevents corruption, ensures public welfare, role-model behavior, resolves dilemmas, constitutional goals.
• Branches of Philosophy:
  • Metaphysics: Nature of the universe
  • Epistemology: Knowledge & its validity
  • Ethics: Right, wrong, and life’s purpose
• Ethics Origin: Ethica (Greek, "customs"), Mores (Latin, "customs")
• Definition of Ethics: Normative science evaluating moral actions, determining social standards.
• Exclusions from Ethics: Animals, isolated individuals, young children, mentally disturbed, involuntary acts.
• Non-Moral Actions: Neither moral nor immoral (e.g., sunrise).
• Pre-Assumption: Freedom of Will (choice, capability, awareness).

II. Values

• Definition: Importance assigned to beliefs and behaviors.
• Types:
  • Human Values: Personal beliefs (can be good/bad).
  • Moral Values: Socially established ideals.
• Characteristics: Intangible, subjective-objective, stable but evolving, hierarchical, learned.
• Classification:
  • By Objective: Instrumental (means) vs. Ultimate (ends).
  • By Impact: Positive (constructive) vs. Negative (harmful).
• Important Values for Administrators: Empathy, integrity, transparency, accountability, justice, impartiality.

III. Role in Inculcating Values

1. Family: First school, role models (parents, siblings, grandparents).
   • Methods: Observational learning, traditions, rewards/punishments.
   • Problems: Negative values (superstition, discrimination), weakening family bonds, tech distractions.
2. Society: Shapes values via peers, social norms, media.
   • Methods: Social influence, gatherings, organizations.
   • Problems: Discrimination, tech distractions, hypocrisy in social leadership.
3. Educational Institutions: Formal value-building, correction of negative values.
   • Methods: Curriculum, extracurriculars, discussions, role-model teachers.
   • Problems: Inequality in education, rote learning, commercialization, employment-focused mindset.

1. Branches of Ethics:

(A) Normative Ethics (नियम कीय नीतिशास्त्र) – Most Important

• Deontological (कर्तव्यवाद) → Duty-based (Act is moral if done out of duty)

  • Kant: Duty over consequences.
  • Bhagavad Gita: कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते – Act without attachment to results.
  • Intuitionism: Inherent moral knowledge.

• Teleological (परिणामसापेक्षता) → Consequence-based

  • Egoism: Self-interest drives morality.
  • Hedonism: Pleasure is the highest good (Charvaka – "यावत् जीवेत् सुखं जीवेत्").
  • Utilitarianism: Maximize happiness for the majority.
  • Evolutionism: Morality evolves over time.

• Virtue Ethics (सद्गुण नीति शास्त्र) → Character-based

  • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (Most important)
  • Confucius & Taoism (Less important)

(B) Meta-Ethics (अधि नीति शास्त्र)

• Analytical study of moral terms (Duty, Good, Virtue, "Rit" & "Rin").

(C) Applied Ethics (व्यवहारिक नीतिशास्त्र)

• Ethics applied to real-world fields:
  • Medical Ethics: E.g., False patient billing in hospitals.
  • Environmental Ethics: Human-nature relationship.
  • Sports, Business, Administrative Ethics.

2. Modern Ideologies in Ethics:

(A) Marxist Ethics (कार्ल मार्क्स)

• Class Struggle: Bourgeoisie (Capitalists) vs. Proletariat (Workers).
• Morality = Created by the ruling class (Bourgeoisie).
• Violence is justified for equality.
• Criticism of Religion, Nation, State, Family.
• Quote: "Religion is the opiate of the masses."

(B) Feminist Ethics

• Society is patriarchal → Morality benefits men.
• "Mainstream" is actually "Male Stream."
• Laws protecting women = Feminist influence.

(C) Black Ethics

• "Black Lives Matter" Movement.
• Morality ≠ Skin color.
• "Black is Beautiful."
• Opposition to fairness creams.

(D) Freudian Ethics (सिग्मंड फ्रायड)

• Mind Structure: Conscious, Unconscious, Subconscious (Iceberg Model).
• Personality: Id, Ego, Superego
  • Id: Basic urges (pleasure-seeking).
  • Superego: Social morality.
  • Ego: Balances Id & Superego (Reality principle).
• Example: Goa Trip
  • Id: Go immediately!
  • Superego: No! Exam is important.
  • Ego: Maybe a short nearby trip.

**Virtue Ethics

Sophists

• Relativists – No universal moral rules; ethics is subjective.
• Key Thinkers:
  • Protagoras: "Man is the measure of all things."
  • Prodicus: Value is assigned by humans, not inherent.
  • Thrasymachus: Laws serve the powerful.
  • Gorgias: No objective truth, only personal truth.

Socrates

• Virtue = Knowledge; ignorance leads to unethical acts.
• Self-Knowledge: "I know that I do not know."
• Dialectical Method: Questioning leads to truth.
• Objective Morality: Needed for social order.

Plato

• Theory of Justice: 4 virtues – Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, Justice.
• Soul’s 3 Parts:
  • Reason → Wisdom
  • Spirit → Courage
  • Appetite → Temperance
• Just Society: 3 classes – Philosopher Kings, Warriors, Producers.
• Theory of Ideas: Reality is in ideas, not physical objects.

Aristotle

• Virtues are learned (not innate).
• Eudaimonia (Happiness) = Life’s Ultimate Goal.
• Golden Mean: Balance between extremes.
• Intellectual Virtues (Study) & Moral Virtues (Practice).
• Criticized Socrates: Knowledge alone doesn’t ensure good behavior.

Other Ideologies

1. Cyrenaics (Hedonism) – Physical pleasure = Good.
2. Cynics (Anti-Hedonism) – Reject desires, live simply.
3. Epicureans (Refined Hedonism) – Mental happiness > Physical pleasure.
4. Stoicism (Fate & Duty) – Accept what you can't control, focus on duty.

Teleological Ethics

1. Egoism (स्वार्थवाद)

Thomas Hobbes

• Ethics = Self-Interest.
• Psychological Egoism: Humans are inherently selfish.
• Ethical Egoism: Self-interest makes an action ethical.
• Morality Evolves:
  • Low Morality → Narrow self-interest.
  • High Morality → Broader self-interest (family, society, nation).
• Original Position: State of Anarchy & Conflict.
• Resolution: Social Contract → Formation of State.

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2. Hedonism (सुखवादी)

• Ethics = Happiness (सुख).

Types of Hedonism:

1. Psychological Hedonism: Humans seek pleasure naturally.
2. Ethical Hedonism: Happiness-based ethics.
3. Egoistic Hedonism: Self-happiness is ethical (Cyrenaics, Epicureans, Charvaka).
4. Altruistic Hedonism: Maximum happiness for maximum people (Bentham, JS Mill).
5. Crude Hedonism: Quantity of happiness matters.
6. Refined Hedonism: Quality of happiness matters (JS Mill).

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3. Utilitarianism (उपयोगितावाद)

• Ethics = Utility/Benefit

Types:

• Idealistic Utilitarianism: Justice, duty, and knowledge = useful.
• Hedonistic Utilitarianism: Happiness = useful.
• Act Utilitarianism: Individual acts evaluated for utility.
• Rule Utilitarianism: Rules evaluated for utility.

Thinkers:

Jeremy Bentham

• "Maximum Happiness for Maximum People."
• Hedonistic Utilitarianism: Psychological, ethical, and altruistic hedonism.
• Sanctions (for enforcing morality):
  1. Natural (physical limitations).
  2. Social (praise/criticism).
  3. Political (laws/punishment).
  4. Religious (heaven/hell).
• Hedonistic Calculus (7 Factors): Proximity, Purity, Certainty, Fecundity, Duration, Extent, Intensity.

John Stuart Mill (JS Mill)

• Same as Bentham but adds quality vs. quantity in happiness.
• "On Liberty" (Book):
  • Thought & Expression → Absolute liberty.
  • Self-Regarding Actions → Absolute liberty.
  • Other-Regarding Actions → State regulation possible.

Criticism of Utilitarianism

• Happiness is subjective & immeasurable.
• Neglects minority rights.
• Over-focus on happiness may prevent achieving it.

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4. Evolutionism (विकासवाद)

Herbert Spencer

• Darwinian "Survival of the Fittest" → Moral Evolution
• Types of Morality:
  • Relative (Low): Laws needed to enforce morality.
  • Absolute (High): No external force needed; individuals align with social good.
• Resource Distribution: Based on merit, but weaker sections need protection.

Other Thinkers

• Leslie Stephen: Society > Individual (like body parts > whole body).
• Samuel Alexander: Rational moral rules survive; individuals ahead of society.

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5. Perfectionism (आत्म पूर्णता वाद)

Hegel

• Absolute Idea: Present in all things; develops over time.
• Stages of Morality:
  1. Subjective Consciousness: Individual vs. society conflict.
  2. Self-Inspiration: Individual & society aligned.
  3. Absolute Consciousness: Individual works for society.
• State = "March of God on Earth" (supports strict state rule).

Bradley

• "My Station and Its Duties": True self-knowledge = working for society.

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6. Existentialism (अस्तित्ववाद)

Soeren Kierkegaard

• Three Stages of Life:
  1. Aesthetic: Material happiness (temporary).
  2. Ethical: Social service (also temporary).
  3. Religious: Spiritual peace (permanent).

Jean-Paul Sartre

• "Man is condemned to be free."
• Being (freedom) vs. Becoming (enslaved by external forces).

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7. Deontology (कर्तव्यवाद)

Immanuel Kant

• Ethics = Duty (not consequences).
• Categorical Imperative: Moral rules must be absolute & universal.
• Four Moral Laws:
  1. Universality: Rules apply to everyone, always.
  2. Man as an End: People must never be used as means.
  3. Autonomy: Morality is self-imposed, not externally forced.
  4. Kingdom of Ends: Integration of the above three.
• Moral Assumptions:
  • Freedom of Will → People are responsible for choices.
  • Immortality of Soul → Needed to justify moral perfection.
  • Existence of God → Ensures moral justice.
• Criticism: Too strict, ignores emotions & consequences.

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8. Intuitionism (अंतः प्रज्ञा वाद)

• Ethics = Inner Moral Intuition

Thinkers:

• Cudworth & Clarke: Intuition = Pure reason (like math).
• Shaftesbury & Hutcheson: Moral sense develops over time.
• Joseph Butler: Conscience = Mix of reason & emotion.

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9. John Rawls' Theory of Justice

• "Justice as Fairness."
• Critique of Utilitarianism: Minority rights ignored.
• Original Position & Veil of Ignorance:
  • Original Position: People decide justice without bias.
  • Veil of Ignorance: No one knows their status → ensures fair laws.
• Society = Chain → Must protect weakest link.

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Final Summary

1. Egoism: Ethics = Self-interest. (Hobbes)
2. Hedonism: Ethics = Happiness. (Bentham, JS Mill)
3. Utilitarianism: Ethics = Utility. (Bentham, JS Mill)
4. Evolutionism: Ethics = Moral evolution. (Spencer)
5. Perfectionism: Ethics = Self-realization. (Hegel, Bradley)
6. Existentialism: Ethics = Individual existence. (Kierkegaard, Sartre)
7. Deontology: Ethics = Duty-based. (Kant)
8. Intuitionism: Ethics = Inner moral sense.
9. Rawls: Ethics = Fair justice.

Bhagavad Gita

Introduction

• Considered the essence of the Vedas and part of Prasthanatrayi (Upanishads, Brahma Sutras, Gita).
• Applicable in social, political, personal, and administrative spheres.
• 700 verses in 18 chapters.
• Addresses moral dilemmas, given by Krishna to Arjuna during the Mahabharata war.
• Struggle between good and evil is ongoing, making Gita's teachings relevant.

Core Teachings

1. Nishkam Karma Yoga (Selfless Action)

   • Focus on duty, not results.
   • Swadharma (one’s duty) is superior to Paradharma (others’ duty).
   • Nishkam Karma: Action without attachment → Liberation.
   • Sakam Karma: Action with attachment → Bondage (Sanchita, Prarabdha, Sanchayamaan Karma).

2. Yoga (Union with the Supreme Soul)

   • Yoga Karmasu Kaushalam – Skill in action.
   • Samattvam Yoga Uchyate – Equanimity is yoga.
   • Types: Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Sankhya Yoga.
   • Rejection of inactivity (influence of Sattva, Rajas, Tamas).

3. Anasakti (Non-Attachment)

   • Attachment leads to destruction; detachment leads to salvation.
   • Desires → Anger → Loss of wisdom & intellect.

4. Stitha Pragnyata (Steadfast Wisdom)

   • Stability in success, failure, happiness, and pain.
   • Essential for civil servants to remain impartial and duty-focused.

5. Pravritti (Indulgence) & Nivritti (Renunciation)

   • Middle path: Fulfill duties without attachment.
   • True renunciation is giving up attachment, not worldly responsibilities.

6. Jnana Yoga (Path of Knowledge)

   • Self-knowledge is the highest purity.
   • Three steps: Shravana (listening), Manana (reflection), Meditation.
   • Accepts soul's immortality and rebirth.

7. Incarnation of God

   • God incarnates when dharma declines.
   • Civil servants should protect righteousness and remove societal evils.

8. Rajarishi (Philosopher-King)

   • A selfless ruler focused on public welfare.
   • Civil servants should adopt similar ideals.

9. Loka Sangraha (Public Welfare)

   • Duty over personal benefit, similar to Utilitarianism.

10. Bhakti Yoga (Path of Devotion)

• Surrender everything to God for guidance and salvation.

1. Yogakshema

• God provides what is needed and protects what is already available.

1. Apaddharma (Crisis Ethics)

• In emergencies, deviations from swadharma are allowed (e.g., COVID-19, disasters).

1. Divine vs. Demonic Wealth

• Divine: Fearlessness, purity, self-control, non-violence, simplicity.
• Demonic: Pride, lust, anger, greed, ignorance.

Qualities for Civil Servants from the Gita

• Objectivity, Dedication, Tolerance, Integrity, Public Welfare, Impartiality, Public Service, Patience, Compassion, Detachment, Dutyfulness.

Gita vs. Kantian Ethics

Similarities

• Deontological (duty-based) ethics.
• Accept God, immortality of the soul, rebirth.
• Emphasize duty, controlling emotions, and free will.

Dissimilarities

• Gita is religious; Kant is secular.
• Gita is flexible; Kant’s ethics are rigid.
• Gita: Morality → God as the end. Kant: Morality as the end → God as a means.
• Gita accepts Karma theory; Kant does not.

Gandhian Ethics

1. Neo-Vedanta Thinker

• Vedanta: Brahma Satya, Jagan Mithya (Brahman is real, the world is illusion).
• Neo-Vedanta: Both Brahman & the world are real, acknowledges social issues.
• Other thinkers: Vivekananda, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Tagore, Radhakrishnan.

2. Key Influences

• Upanishads: ईशावास्यं इदम सर्वम (God pervades everything).
• Bhagavad Gita: Swadharma (Duty), Anasakti Yoga (Detachment).
• Jainism/Yoga: Panch Mahavrat (Five Great Vows).
• Western Thinkers: Jesus (Compassion), Ruskin (Sarvodaya), Tolstoy & Thoreau (Anarchist non-violence).

3. Panch Mahavrat (Five Vows)

• Sathya (Truth): Truth is God; requires courage & sincerity.
• Ahimsa (Non-Violence): Not just non-harm, but active love & compassion.
• Asteya (Non-Stealing): No material, mental, or ideological theft.
• Aparigraha (Non-Possession): Minimalism, wealth as social trust.
• Brahmacharya (Celibacy): Control of senses, self-discipline.

4. Satyagraha (Truth Force)

• Insistence on truth; suffering for moral cause.
• Requires belief in God, tolerance, courage, honesty, patience.

5. Economic & Social Ideas

• Trusteeship: Wealthy as custodians, not owners.
• Decentralization: Village-based self-sufficient economy (Panchayati Raj).
• Against Industrialism: Favored simple, labor-intensive economy.

6. Means & Ends

• Pure means → Pure ends; rejects "ends justify means."

7. Nature & Environment

• Opposed human dominance over nature.
• "Nature provides for needs, not greed."

8. Seven Social Sins

1. Commerce without Morality
2. Knowledge without Character
3. Pleasure without Conscience
4. Science without Humanity
5. Politics without Principle
6. Prayer without Sacrifice
7. Wealth without Work

9. Eleven Vows of Gandhi

1. Truth
2. Non-Violence
3. Non-Stealing
4. Non-Possession
5. Celibacy
6. Physical Labor
7. Removal of Untouchability
8. Equal Respect for All Religions
9. Control Over Taste
10. Fearlessness
11. Swadeshi (Self-Sufficiency)

1. Rabindranath Tagore

• New Vedanta Thinker: Integrated spiritual growth with social issues.
• Brahmo Samaj Influence: Inspired by his father, reinterpreted teachings.
• Human-God Relationship: Humanized God, emphasized serving humanity over rituals.
• Spiritual Humanism: Beyond Western rationalism, rooted in spirituality & creativity.
• Two Aspects of Humans: Finite (biological) & Infinite (spiritual).
• Education: Opposed rigid systems, promoted creativity, founded Shanti Niketan.
• Internationalism: Opposed nationalism, supported "Vasudev Kutumbakam."
• Egalitarian Society: Advocated youth-driven equality.

2. Swami Vivekananda

• New Vedanta Thinker: Influenced by Brahmo Samaj, Vedas, Upanishads, Ramakrishna.
• Brahman Concept: Supreme consciousness; material & spiritual growth coexist.
• Ethics: Unselfish actions are moral; selfishness is immoral.
• Social Welfare: No separation between individual & society.
• Chicago Conference (1893): Promoted Sanatan Dharma.
• Strength Philosophy: "Strength is life, weakness is death."
• Social & Economic Reforms: Women’s empowerment, end to poverty, caste discrimination.
• Youth Focus: Self-control, confidence, and self-reliance.

3. S. Radhakrishnan

• Neo Vedanta Thinker: Inspired by Vedanta (Shankaracharya).
• Ultimate Reality: Param Sat (conscious, infinite, experienced via intuition).
• Harmonizing Opposites: Religion & science, idealism & realism, reason & intuition.
• Religion: Two aspects – External (rituals) & Internal (core message).
• Education: Holistic development—physical, intellectual, moral, spiritual.

4. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

• Father of Indian Constitution: Advocated equality, justice, and democracy.
• Caste System: Economic aspect weakening, social prestige remains strong.
• Hinduism Reform: Suggested a common book, merit-based religious posts.
• Social Justice: Education, inter-caste marriage, and dining for caste eradication.
• Gandhi Disagreement: Favored legal solutions over moral persuasion.
• Buddhism: Converted to Buddhism, started ‘Navayana’.
• Women's Rights: Opposed religious oppression, supported empowerment.
• Three Advices: 1) Reject Gandhian methods, 2) Achieve social democracy, 3) Avoid blind faith in leaders.
• Strong Central Government: To curb separatism.
• Opposed Communism & Capitalism: Supported balanced governance.

5. Maharishi Aurobindo

• New Vedanta Thinker: Integrated spirituality with materialism.
• Integral Monism: Brahman includes both spiritual & material aspects.
• Evolution Theory: Beyond Darwin’s physical evolution—mental evolution is next.
• Ultimate Goal: Supermind realization, leading to collective liberation.
• Integral Yoga: Physical, mental, and spiritual transformation.
• Three Transformation Levels:
  1. Atmic Awakening – Removes ego, anger, greed.
  2. Spiritual Growth – Inner peace and stability.
  3. Supermind – Higher consciousness beyond dualities.

Rta (ऋत) - The Cosmic Order

• Concept: Universal law governing natural, moral, and social order.
• Layers:
  1. Universal Order – Cosmic regularity (sun, moon, seasons).
  2. Dharma – Social order based on Rta.
  3. Karma – Individual actions aligned with Dharma.
• Key Aspects:
  • Rta cannot be violated without consequences.
  • Varuna is its protector.
  • Essential for societal and administrative order.

Rina (ऋण) - Debt & Obligation

• Three Types:
  1. Pitra Rina – Debt to ancestors (respect, remembrance).
  2. Rishi Rina – Debt to teachers (gratitude, passing knowledge).
  3. Deva Rina – Debt to gods (prayers, rituals).
• Consequences of Unpaid Rina: Hinders salvation, leads to suffering.
• Three Sufferings:
  1. Adhyatmik – Personal (illness, mental distress).
  2. Adhibhautik – External (harm from others).
  3. Adhidaivik – Natural (disasters).

Duty (कर्तव्य)

• Broad Meaning: Includes legal, moral, and social obligations.
• Perspectives:
  • Kant: Duty for duty’s sake.
  • Bhagavad Gita: Follow Swadharma (personal duty).
• Types of Duties:
  • Positive vs. Negative: What to do vs. what to avoid.
  • Perfect vs. Imperfect: Duties without exceptions vs. those with.
  • Legal vs. Moral: Law-enforced vs. socially expected.
• Conflict Resolution: Higher duty over lower duty.
• Rights & Duties: Complementary; imbalance leads to disorder.
• Gandhi: Rights emerge from duties.

Good (सुख)

• Definition: What is desirable or sought after.
• Types:
  • Relative Good: Means to an end (wealth, health).
  • Absolute Good: End in itself (duty, salvation, Nirvana).
• Public welfare is an absolute good in civil services.

Virtue (सद्गुण)

• Definition: Excellence in human character.
• Types:
  • Self-Regarding: Courage, wisdom, self-control.
  • Other-Regarding: Kindness, compassion.
  • Ideal Virtues: Justice, liberty, equality.
• Plato’s Cardinal Virtues: Wisdom, courage, temperance, justice.
• Aristotle: Intellectual (study-based) vs. Moral (habit-based) virtues.

Ethics in Public and Private Relations

Difference between Public and Private Relations

Feature	Private Relations	Public Relations
Influence	Limited (Home)	Widespread (District, Nation)
Closeness	More Closeness	Less Closeness
Formality	Informal	Formal
Basis	Emotions, Trust	Law, Rules, Code of Conduct
Nature	Subjective	Objective
Binding	Morally Binding	Legally Binding
Stability	More Stable	Less Stable
Examples	Family, Friends	Civil Servants, Colleagues

Key Elements of Ethics

• Public Relations: Honesty, Integrity, Rule of Law, Accountability, Transparency.
• Private Relations: Trust, Affection, Sacrifice, Privacy, Care.

Separation of Public and Private Relations

• Ideally: Should be separate (avoid conflict of interest, nepotism).
• Reality: Complete separation is difficult.

Impact of Public on Private Life

✅ Success in public life improves private life.
✅ Role model behavior.
❌ Stress affects personal relationships.
❌ Less time for family.

Impact of Private on Public Life

✅ Emotion management, moral support.
✅ Healthy private life = Better work efficiency.
❌ Personal biases may influence decisions.
❌ Stress may impact work.

Prioritization

• Civil servants must prioritize public duty.
• High moral standards prioritize public life even without a post.

Code of Conduct for Civil Servants

• Private Life: No polygamy, no dowry, care for family, no domestic violence, no child labor.
• Public Life: No unauthorized awards, maintain confidentiality, avoid nepotism, no public criticism of govt.

Code of Ethics vs. Code of Conduct

Feature	Code of Ethics (CoE)	Code of Conduct (CoC)
Definition	Ethical principles (right vs. wrong)	Rules of behavior (circumstances)
Focus	Values-based	Rule-based
Scope	Narrow	Wide
Enforcement	Not always legal	Legally enforceable

Key Committees

• Santhanam Committee – Led to CVC formation.
• Nolan Committee (UK) – Ethical standards for civil servants.
• ARC (1st & 2nd) – Administrative reforms.

Nolan Committee’s Seven Principles

1. Selflessness – No personal gain.
2. Integrity – Avoid conflicts of interest.
3. Objectivity – Fair decisions.
4. Accountability – Public scrutiny.
5. Openness – Transparency.
6. Honesty – Truthfulness.
7. Leadership – Lead by example.

Types of Integrity

• Personal: Consistency in thoughts/actions.
• Intellectual: Fair self-assessment.
• Professional: Adherence to work ethics.

Philosophical Basis of Integrity

• Kant: Duty-based ethics.
• Bhagavad Gita: Swadharma (one's duty).
• Gandhi: Purity of means and ends.

Benefits of Integrity

• Credibility
• Faster decision-making
• Resolves dilemmas

Leadership Traits

• Team spirit
• Visionary approach
• Takes responsibility for failures

Political & Moral Attitude of Administrators

Political Attitudes

• Radical: Seeks major changes, may justify violence.
• Liberal: Supports reforms peacefully.
• Moderate: Small gradual changes.
• Conservative: Preserves traditions.
• Reactionary: Wants to restore old systems, may justify violence.

Factors Influencing Political Attitudes:

• Economic Status – Rich resist change, poor support it.
• Age – Youth favor change; elders resist.
• Psychology – Aggressive people favor radicalism.
• Family & Religion – Shape political leanings.

Civil Servant’s Political Neutrality

• No political bias, donations, or visible political support.
• Right to vote but must remain neutral.

Positive Attitude for Civil Servants

• Rule of Law
• Sarvodaya (welfare of all)
• Constitutional & Democratic values
• Secularism
• Public participation
• Scientific temperament

Moral Attitude

• Based on right vs. wrong.
• Influenced by family, society, religion.
• Required for fair administration.

Morality in Administration (Paul Apple’s View)

• Responsibility
• Communication skills
• Problem-solving ability
• Teamwork
• Public interest prioritization

Orientation of Civil Servants

1. Affection Level – Empathy, kindness, emotional intelligence.
2. Cognitive Level – Rational thinking, scientific approach.
3. Behavioral Level – Hard work, objectivity, selfless service.

Ethical Concerns

• Definition: Violation or potential violation of moral principles.

• Major Issues:

  • Colonial Administration: Centralized, non-transparent, elitist, limits public welfare & participation.
  • Politicization of Civil Services: Loss of neutrality, favoritism, casteism, pressure group influence.
  • Stress in Civil Services: Workload, limited resources, political/media pressure, frequent transfers.
  • Misuse of Power: Leads to corruption, self-interest over public welfare.

• Bureaucratic vs. Democratic Models:

  • Bureaucratic: Non-transparent, rigid, rule-focused, centralized power.
  • Democratic: Transparent, team-based, public-oriented, decentralized power.

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Corruption

• Types:

  • By Sector: Political, Administrative, Media, Military, Private.
  • By Nature:
    • Collusive: Officials & private sector benefit together (e.g., 2G scam).
    • Coercive: Bribes extracted through force/pressure.

• Causes:

  • Administrative: Red tape, discretionary powers, lack of accountability.
  • Legal: Weak laws, poor enforcement, lack of whistleblower protection.
  • Social: Low morality, materialism, acceptance of corruption.
  • Economic: Low salaries, license raj, economic inequality.
  • Political: Corrupt politicians, crony capitalism, muscle power.
  • Personal: Greed, low ethical standards.

• Solutions:

  • Administrative: E-governance, RTI, ethical training, rewards for honesty.
  • Legal: Strong laws, fast-track courts, whistleblower protection.
  • Social: Moral education, social pressure, public recognition for honesty.
  • Economic: Better salaries, economic opportunities, minimal govt. control.
  • Political: Anti-corruption movements, electoral reforms, banning corrupt leaders.
  • Personal: High moral standards, ethical role models.

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Ethical Dilemmas

• Definition: Conflict between moral principles.

• Types:

  • Personal Cost Dilemma: Ethical actions lead to personal loss.
  • Right vs. Right Dilemma: Conflict between two valid principles (e.g., transparency vs. secrecy).
  • Conjoint Dilemma: Both personal cost & right vs. right dilemmas exist.

• Common Dilemmas for Civil Servants:

  • Development vs. Environment
  • Transparency vs. Secrecy
  • Public vs. Personal Interest
  • Interpretation of Govt. Policies
  • Obeying Orders vs. Ethics
  • Political Ideology vs. Duty
  • Personal Values vs. Administration

• Resolution Methods:

  • Democratic Accountability: Address concerns to politicians.
  • Legality: Follow the law for public interest.
  • Integrity: Follow ethical codes for self-discipline.
  • Responsiveness: Address public needs, promote Sarvodaya & Antyodaya.
  • Ethical Guidance: Refer to laws, rules, seniors, and personal conscience.

• Resolving Personal Ethical Dilemmas:

  • Clarify personal values.
  • Prioritize broader public interest.
  • Seek guidance from mentors, friends, conscience.

1. Ethical Decision Making

• Definition: Evaluating and selecting options based on ethical principles.
• Process: Review → Eliminate unethical options → Choose the best ethical alternative.
• Requirements:
  • Commitment: Act ethically without fear of consequences.
  • Consequences: Awareness of moral values and willingness to implement them.
  • Competence: Ability to analyze, evaluate, and foresee risks.
• Seven Steps:
  1. Gather facts.
  2. Define ethical issues.
  3. Identify stakeholders (Primary & Secondary).
  4. Identify effects (Short & Long-term, Positive & Negative).
  5. Consider integrity & ethical values.
  6. Create alternative solutions.
  7. Decide the best ethical action.

2. Framework for Ethical Decision Making

• Utilitarian Approach: Maximizes overall happiness.
• Rights Approach: Protects fundamental rights.
• Justice Approach: Treats equals equally.
• Universal Good Approach: Ensures the welfare of all.
• Virtue Approach: Based on virtues like compassion, courage, wisdom.

3. Social Justice

• Emergence: Response to industrial revolution’s negative impacts.
• Purpose: Address inequality, exploitation, and rights violations.
• Principles:
  1. Access to Resources: No deprivation of essentials.
  2. Equity: Special attention to the deprived.
  3. Human Rights: Dignified living for all.
  4. Participation: Equal representation in decision-making.
  5. Diversity: No discrimination, respect for all groups.
• Types of Justice:
  • Procedural Justice: Fair processes and laws.
  • Substantive Justice: Focuses on fair outcomes.

4. Humanitarian Concerns

• Economic: Poverty, unemployment, inflation.
• Social: Discrimination, intolerance, communalism.
• Global: Terrorism, civil war, pandemics.
• Technological: Cybercrime, AI risks, robotics.
• Individual: Stress, education, moral decline.

5. Accountability in Governance

• Importance: Balances rights and duties, prevents misuse.
• Components:
  • Responsibility: Justifying actions.
  • Enforceability: Punishment for violations.
  • Sensitivity: Acting in public interest.
• Types of Accountability:
  1. Fiscal: Proper use of public funds.
  2. Procedural: Following due processes.
  3. Judicial: Legal compliance.
  4. Administrative: Lower officers answerable to higher ones.
  5. Political: Executive to Parliament, Parliament to people.
  6. Moral: Based on conscience and ethics.
• Benefits: Transparency, public trust, high standards, reduced corruption.