• 97th Oscars: "Everything Everywhere All at Once" won Best Picture; "Anora" won Best Film Oscar.

• 8th UN Global Road Safety Week: Observed May 12th-18th.

• US-China Trade Talks: Talks on trade and tariff disputes initiated in Geneva.

• American Victory Day: Celebrated by US President Donald Trump on May 8th, commemorating World War II.

• NALSA Executive Chairperson: Suryakant appointed as Executive Chairperson of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA).

• India's MMR: According to the Sample Registration System Report 2021, India's MMR is 27 per 100,000 live births (another figure of 93 was mentioned, but context is unclear).

• BrahMos Unit Inauguration: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated a BrahMos unit in Lucknow.

• Autobiography Launch: Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar launched the autobiography "Janata Ki Kahani Meri Atmakatha" of Haryana Governor Bandaru Dattatreya.

• World Bank's Support for UPI: The World Bank is supporting UPI (Unified Payments Interface) in Greece and Pragya.

• CBI Operation Chakra: CBI busted a SIM card fraud racket across eight states under Operation Chakra.

• Licensed Stamp Vendors as Public Servants: The Supreme Court declared licensed stamp vendors as public servants.

• Operation Al-Marsous: Pakistan launched Operation Al-Marsous against India. (Further details needed for clarity).* ISRO Missions:

  • ISRO's 100th mission involves the GSLV Mk III rocket.
  • The GSLV Mk III rocket carries the NVS-2 satellite.

• Awards:

  • Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award Recipients:
    • D. Gush
    • Harmanpreet Singh
    • Manu Bhaker
    • Praveen Kumar (Para-athlete, high jump gold medalist at the Paris Paralympics)

• Aviation:

  • Air India provides in-flight Wi-Fi internet service on domestic routes.

• Ecology and Conservation:

  • India's first coastal and wetland bird census was conducted in Jamnagar, Gujarat.
  • Nagarahole Tiger Reserve: The Jenu Kuruba tribe reclaimed their ancestral land within the reserve in Karnataka.
    • The reclamation involved 52 families.
    • The action is linked to the Scheduled Tribes and Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006.
    • The community collects honey and traditionally lives in the forest.

• Disasters:

  • Bhopal Gas Tragedy:
    • Occurred in December 1984.
    • The gas was methyl isocyanate (MIC).
    • Toxic waste disposal occurred in Pithampura, Madhya Pradesh.

• Sports:

  • Bengal won the 33rd Santosh Trophy (football).
  • Haryana won the Pro Kabaddi League 2024.

• United Nations Designations - 2025:

  • International Year of Cooperatives
  • International Year of Quantum Technologies
  • Year of Peace and Trust
  • Indian Army declared 2025 as the year of reforms.

• Agriculture and Genetics:

  • A pan-genome of Asian rice (Oryza sativa) has been created, combining 144 wild and cultivated varieties.
  • Golden rice is rich in Vitamin A.
  • Polished rice lacks Vitamin B1.* Key Figures
  • Devendra Fadnavis (Maharashtra)
  • Mohan Yadav (MP)

• Inter-State Agreements

  • Tapi River: Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
  • Parwati and Kalisindh rivers: Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
  • Ken-Betwa River link project: Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
  • Cheetah Project: Madhya Pradesh (Kuno National Park) and Rajasthan (Mukundra National Park)

• Geographical Features

  • Order: Vindhya Mountains, Narmada River, Satpura Mountains, Tapi River
  • Tapi River: Originates from Betul plateau, flows into Arabian Sea (Maharashtra)

• Current Events

  • Asia's First Global Hyperloop Competition: Chennai, Tamil Nadu
  • ISRO Space Docking Mission: SPADEX mission launched via PSLV-C60
  • India's First Glass Bridge: Boasting Arch Beach, Tamil Nadu
  • Lakshya Sen: Bronze medal, King's Cup International Badminton Open 2024
  • Asian Rice Pan-Genome: Created for 144 wild and cultivated varieties (Oryza sativa)

• Tapti River Basin Mega Recharge Project

  • Parties: Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
  • Location of Signing: Bhopal
  • Objective: Address water scarcity, improve irrigation in Vidarbha (Maharashtra) and Southern Madhya Pradesh

• Newly Classified Major Minerals

  • Barytes
  • Felspar
  • Mica
  • Quartz

• Obituary

  • Maya Dhara Rout (Odissi Dancer)

• Financial Initiatives

  • AMFI: "Chhoti SIP Tarun Yojana" and "Mitra Pehal"

• Defense

  • DRDO & Indian Navy: National Anti-Ship Missile (Short Range) tested

• Artificial Intelligence

  • Servam AI: "Bulbul B2" (Text-to-Speech, 11 Indian languages)* India's First Water Aerodrome: Located in Mumbai.

• Pankaj Advani's Achievement: Won 14th Asian Snooker gold medal in Doha, Qatar.

• New FBI Director: Christopher Wray took the oath.

• Current CBI Head: Praveen Sinha, with a one-year extension.

• PM Modi as Chief Guest: Invited to Mauritius's National Day celebrations and awarded Mauritius's highest award.

• Servam AI Launches Bulbul B2: A text-to-speech AI launched in 11 Indian languages.

• National Technology Day: Celebrated on May 11th, commemorating the second nuclear test conducted in Pokhran in 1998, codenamed Operation Shakti.

• International Nurses Day: Celebrated on May 12th, the birthday of Florence Nightingale (born May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy).

• Awards:

  • Manu Bhaker received the BBC Indian Sportswoman of the Year award.
  • Purnima Devi Burman received the Time magazine Woman of the Year award.

• Technological Advancement: Microsoft launched the Majorana first quantum processor.

• International Nurses Day:

  • Celebrated on May 12th.
  • Tagline: "Our Nurses, Our Future."
  • Celebrates the birthday of Florence Nightingale (May 12, 1820, Florence, Italy).
  • Florence Nightingale is also known as "The Lady with the Lamp".

• National Technology Day: Celebrated on May 11th, commemorating the 1998 Pokhran nuclear tests (Operation Shakti).

• Vesak Day (UN Vesak Day): Celebrated in 1999. In 2025, the event was held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

• Buddha:

  • Birth name: Siddhartha
  • Clan: Shakya
  • First sermon (Dhammacakkappavattana): Sarnath
  • Most sermons given: Sarnath
  • Nirvana (Mahaparinirvana): Kushinagar (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)

• Buddhist Tripitaka: Suttapitaka, Abhidhammapitaka, Vinayapitaka

• Division of Buddhism: Mahayana and Hinayana emerged after the Fourth Buddhist Council.

• Fourth Buddhist Council: Held in Kundalvana, Kashmir, during the reign of Kanishka of the Kushan dynasty.* Budh Purnima/Vaisakh Purnima: Celebrated on May 12th, marking Buddha's birth, enlightenment, and death (parinirvana).

  • Birth: Lumbini, Nepal.
  • Enlightenment: Bodh Gaya.
  • Death (Mahaparinirvana): Kushinagar.

• UN Vaisakh Day: Celebrated annually since 1999. In 2024, the event was held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

• Delhi Assembly Solar Panel Installation: A 500-kilowatt solar panel will be installed in the Delhi Assembly at a cost of ₹2 crore to power the building.

• Matsya 6000 Submersible: Launched by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, capable of taking humans to a depth of 6000 meters.

• 26th Chief Election Commissioner: Gyanesh Kumar.

• Madhya Pradesh's Global Capability Center Policy: Madhya Pradesh unveiled India's first Global Capability Center (GCC) policy.

• Indian Army Coastal Military Exercise: The Indian Army conducted a coastal military exercise named "Jal Thal Raksha 25" in Gujarat.

• Delhi Assembly Initiatives:

  • Delhi Assembly will be the first in India to be solar-powered, with a 500 kW solar energy plant.
  • Delhi Police launched the "Nai Disha" initiative to re-engage school dropout girls in education.
  • Delhi Assembly has 70 seats; the number of ministers is capped at 7 (1 Chief Minister + 6 Ministers), which is 10% of the total seats.

• Firsts in India:

  • Punjab's Assembly is the first to utilize sign language.
  • Delhi Assembly will be the first to be solar-powered.

• 75th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations: A statue of Thiruvalluvar, a Tamil poet, was unveiled in the Philippines.

• Constitution Day: Celebrated on November 26th in India.

• Joint Military Exercise: The Indian and Japanese armies will conduct the sixth edition of the joint military exercise, Dharma Guardian.

• Awards and Honors:

  • Bhuvan Ribhu, the first Indian lawyer, received the World Law Congress award for children's rights.

• Current Events:

  • India's first biobank was established at the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park.* India's Corruption Perception Index Rank: India's rank is 96 out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perception Index.

• MITRA Platform Launch: The Securities Exchange Board of India launched the MITRA platform to track inactive mutual fund folios.

• PM Modi's MAGA and MEGA Concept: Prime Minister Modi presented the new MAGA (Make America Great Again) and MEGA (Make India Great Again) concept in India and the USA.

• Raja Bhalendra Singh Trophy Awardee: The Raja Bhalendra Singh Trophy was awarded for services (recipient not specified in this chunk).

• First Indian Lawyer Awarded by World Law Congress for Child Rights: Bhuvan Ribhu is the first Indian lawyer to receive the World Law Congress award for child rights. The Congress meeting will be held in the Dominican Republic, focusing on a child marriage-free India.

• Virat Kohli's Retirement:

  • Announced retirement from Test cricket.
  • Test career began in 2011 during a West Indies tour.
  • Last Test match played on January 25th, 2023 in Sydney.
  • Scored 30 centuries in Test cricket.
  • First Indian player to score seven double centuries in Test cricket.
  • Most successful Indian Test captain with 40 wins out of 68 matches.

• Rohit Sharma's Retirement: Rohit Sharma also recently retired from Test cricket.

• India-Afghanistan Relations:

  • India constructed the Salma Dam (also known as the Friendship Dam) in Afghanistan.
  • India also built the Afghan parliament building.
  • Pakistan falsely claimed India attacked Afghanistan with missiles; both India and Afghanistan denied this.

• Recent Events in India:

  • Defense Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated Asia's largest Aero India show in Bengaluru.
  • Rohit Sharma achieved the second-highest number of ODI sixes in history.
  • The third Global Conference on Artificial Intelligence was held in Paris (previous conferences were in Bletchley and Seoul).
  • The Thaipusam festival was celebrated in Tamil Nadu.

• Afghanistan Bans Chess: The Taliban government in Afghanistan has banned chess, citing its resemblance to gambling, which is forbidden in Islam.

• Restrictions on Afghan Girls' Education: The Taliban government has also banned Afghan girls from attending school.

• Dispute Regarding Missile Attacks: Pakistan alleged that India launched missile attacks on Afghanistan; India denied these claims, and Afghanistan also indicated awareness of the attacking nation.

• India: Prime Minister's address stated that there will be no negotiations on Kashmir, and any talks would focus on Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). Operation Sindur has been paused, not stopped. The aim is to cripple terrorist organizations.

• Other Current Events:

  • Delhi's assembly will be powered entirely by solar energy.
  • Buddha Purnima was celebrated on May 12th.
  • International Nurses Day was celebrated on May 12th.
  • Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra signed an agreement for the Tapi River mega recharge project.
  • Scientists developed the first pangenome of Asian rice.
  • The Bamann Jenu Kuru family regained possession of their ancestral land in Nagarhole Tiger Reserve.
  • The 8th UN Global Road Safety Week was observed from May 12th to 18th.* Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-2012):
  • Achieved an 8% growth rate (highest to date).
  • Right to Education Act (RTE) enacted in 2009, implemented April 1, 2010.

• Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012-2017):

  • Focused on rapid, sustainable, and inclusive development.
  • Initial target of 9% growth rate revised to 8%, achieving 6.7-6.9%.
  • Agriculture target: 4% growth.
  • Target fertility rate: 2.1% (replacement rate).

• Current Affairs (mentioned briefly towards the end of the provided "Current" section):

  • Prime Minister's address: No negotiations on Kashmir, only on Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). Operation Sindhur temporarily suspended, but will resume. The aim is to cripple terrorist organizations' infrastructure.

• May 13, 2025 Current Events:

  • Taliban bans chess in Afghanistan.
  • Virat Kohli announces retirement from Test cricket.
  • Bhuvan Ribhu becomes first Indian lawyer to receive the World Law Congress award for children's rights.
  • Delhi assembly to be powered entirely by solar energy.
  • Buddha Purnima observed on May 12th.
  • International Nurses Day observed on May 12th.

• Kargil War:

  • The Kargil War occurred during the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002).

• Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002):

  • Focused on social justice and economic prosperity with empowerment.
  • The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched during this plan.

• Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007):

  • Based on an input-output model, aiming for social justice and empowerment alongside development.
  • Achieved the highest growth rate to date at 7.6%.
  • The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), enacted in 2005, came into effect on February 2, 2006.

• 1991: New Economic Policy (NEP)

  • Adoption of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization).
  • Response to foreign exchange crisis.

• 8th Five-Year Plan (1992-1997):

  • Based on John W. Mellor model.
  • Focused on human resource development, influenced by the Human Development Index (HDI) introduced in 1990-91 by Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen via the UN Development Programme (UNDP).
  • 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (Panchayati Raj and Municipalities).

• WTO Establishment:

  • January 1, 1995.

• Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-1990):

  • Goal: Modernization and social justice.
  • Slogan: "Roti, Rozi, aur Utpadakta" (Bread, Employment, and Productivity) or "Bhojan, Kaam aur Utpadakta" (Food, Work, and Productivity).
  • Growth rate target: 5%, achieved 6%.
  • Establishment of SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) in 1988.
  • Followed by a two-year plan holiday (1990-1992).

• 1991 Economic Crisis and LPG Reforms:

  • Foreign exchange reserves crisis under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.
  • Adoption of the New Economic Policy (NEP) – LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization).

• Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-78):

  • Poverty eradication was the target.
  • The plan was completed ahead of schedule.

• Rolling Plan (1978-80):

  • Initiated by Morarji Desai's Janata Party government.
  • Dr. Gunnar Myrdal (author of Asian Drama) is considered the originator globally; L.K. Jha was instrumental in its implementation in India.

• Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-85):

  • Emphasized employment creation and poverty eradication, using an input-output model.
  • Establishment of NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) in 1982.
  • Nationalization of six more banks in 1980 (in addition to the previous 14).
  • Death of Indira Gandhi in 1984; Operation Blue Star and the seizure of Siachen Glacier (Operation Meghdoot) occurred during this period.

• Plan Holiday (1990-92):

  • A two-year period with no formal five-year plan.* First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956):
  • Started April 1, 1951.
  • Based on the Harrod-Domar model.
  • Drafted by K.N. Raj.
  • Focused on agriculture.
  • Target growth: 2.1%; Achieved growth: 3.6%.

• Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961):

  • Based on the Mahalanobis model.
  • Emphasized heavy industry.
  • Establishment of iron and steel plants in:
    • Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)
    • Rourkela (Odisha)
    • Durgapur (West Bengal)
  • Target growth: 4.5%; Achieved growth: 4.27%.

• Third Five-Year Plan (1961-1966):

  • Focused on both agriculture and industry.
  • Based on the Sukhamoy Chakravarty model.
  • Target not achieved due to the 1962 Sino-Indian War and the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War.
  • Lal Bahadur Shastri's death during this period.
  • Introduction of the slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan".
  • Establishment of the Food Corporation of India in 1965.

• Plan Holiday (1966-1969):

  • Three-year gap after the Third Five-Year Plan, followed by annual plans.
  • The Green Revolution was initiated during this period to achieve food self-sufficiency.

• Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974):

  • Based on the Ashok Rudra model (framework by D.R. Gadgil), aiming for "development with stability."
  • Target growth rate of 5.5-5.7%, achieved 3.3%.
  • The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 occurred during this plan.
  • Operation Smiling Buddha (India's first nuclear test) in 1974.

• Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1978):

  • D.P. Dhar model.
  • Goal: Poverty eradication.
  • Target growth rate: 4.4%, achieved 4.8%.
  • Ended prematurely in 1978.

• Rolling Plan (1978-1980):

  • Initiated after a change in government with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister.
  • Originator: Gunnar Myrdal (book: Asian Drama). Implementation in India attributed to Lakdawala.

• Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-1985):

  • Input-Output model.
  • Goals: Employment creation and poverty alleviation.
  • 1982: Establishment of NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development).
  • 1980: Nationalization of six more banks.
  • 1984: Death of Indira Gandhi; Operation Blue Star; India's occupation of Siachen Glacier (Operation Meghdoot).