Rajasthan

Appearance

Rajasthan's Physiographic Divisions ​

Classification of Physiographic Divisions ​

  1. Individual Basis
  2. Geographical Factor Basis

1. Classification on Individual Basis ​

  • According to Prof. V.C. Mishra, Rajasthan is divided into seven physiographic divisions:

    1. Canal Region
    2. Arid Region
    3. Semi-Arid Region
    4. Aravali Region
    5. Eastern Agricultural and Industrial Region
    6. Chambal Ravine Region
    7. South-Eastern Agricultural Region

2. Classification based on Geographical Factors ​

  • Based on geographical factors (relief and climate), Rajasthan can be divided into four physiographic divisions:

    • Aravali
    • Hadoti
    • Eastern Plains
    • Desert

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General Information on Physiographic Regions ​

FeatureDesertAravaliEastern PlainsHadoti
Area61.11%9%23%6.83%
Population40%10%39%11%
Districts12 districts13 districts10 districts7 districts
SoilSandy/LoamyMountain/ForestAlluvialBlack Soil
ClimateArid/Semi-AridSub-HumidHumidExtremely Humid

1. North-Western Desert ​

  • Also known as the 'Thar Desert'.

  • Formation: From the Tethys Sea.

  • Time Period: Tertiary and Pleistocene Epochs.

  • Note: Current Epoch = Holocene

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Desert Extent ​

  • Area: 1,75,000 km²

  • Width: 640 km

  • Length: 300 km

  • Average Height: 200-300 meters

  • Desert Slope: North-East to South-West

  • Study of the Desert: For study purposes, the desert is divided into two parts:

Arid DesertSemi-Arid Desert
Rainfall0-25 cm per year25-50 cm per year
Area1,00,000 sq km75,000 sq km
  • Arid Desert - also called Rathi region because here Rathi cow is found.

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Arid Desert ​

  • The area receiving less than 25 cm of rainfall is called the Arid Desert.
    • Divided into two parts for study purposes:
      1. Sand Dune Free Region: 41.5%
      2. Sand Dune Covered Region: 58.5%
  1. Sand Dune Free Region: An area where sand dunes are not found because it's a rocky desert called 'Hamada'.
    • Main Extensions of 'Hamada' in Rajasthan:
      • Jaisalmer (most) + Pokhran, Ramgarh, Lodrawa
      • Jodhpur + Phalodi
      • Barmer
  2. Sand Dune Covered Region:
    • Meaning → Wind + Soil + Deposition = Sand Dune
    • When wind deposits soil, the resulting landform is called a sand dune.
    • Highest Number of Sand Dunes: Jaisalmer
    • All Types of Sand Dunes: Jodhpur

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Types of Sand Dunes ​

  1. Barchan

  2. Transverse Sand Dune

  3. Longitudinal Sand Dune

  4. Parabolic Sand Dune

  5. Seif

  6. Star-Shaped Sand Dune

  7. Shrub Coppies Sand Dune

  8. Network Sand Dune

  9. Barchan: Crescent-shaped

    • Height: 10-80 meters
    • When wind deposits soil in a crescent shape, it is called a 'Barchan'.
    • Most Common: Shekhawati region (Bhaleri village of Churu)
    • Characteristics:
      • Most mobile and migratory sand dune; therefore, contributes greatly to desertification.

  10. Transverse Sand Dune: Formed perpendicular to the wind direction.

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  1. When the deposition of soil occurs at right angles by wind, the landform formed is called 'Transverse Sand Dune'.

    • Most Common: Bikaner
    • Characteristics: Most stable sand dune

  2. Longitudinal/Linear Sand Dune:

    • Parallel to wind direction

      <---Wind ---> Wind

    • When soil is deposited parallel to the direction of the wind, the resulting landform is called a 'Longitudinal / Linear Sand Dune'.

      • Most Common: Jaisalmer
      • Note: These sand dunes are also found near Budhi, Jawai, and Ghaggar basins.

  3. Parabolic Sand Dune:

      Wind —>
  Wind
  Opposite to Barchan

  <—Wind
    • Parabolic sand dunes are formed opposite to Barchan and in a hairpin shape.
    • Parabolic sand dunes are most common in Rajasthan because they are spread across all desert districts.

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  1. Seif Sand Dune:

    Wind
    <— Barchan = Seif Wind

    • When the wind direction changes during the formation of a Barchan, one arm of the Barchan extends forward, and the resulting landform is called a Seif sand dune.

RAS DTO *Right Angled Sand Dune Parallel Sand Dune *Transverse Sand Dune Longitudinal Sand Dune *Barchan Sand Dune Seif Sand Dune *Parabolic Sand Dune

  1. Star-Shaped Sand Dune: A landform with 3 or more arms is called a star-shaped sand dune.
    • Formation: Due to irregular depressions
    • Most Common: Jaisalmer, Suratgarh (Sri Ganganagar), Bikaner Wind <— <—Wind Wind—>

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  1. Shrub Coppies:
    • Small sand dunes formed near shrubs in the desert are called Shrub Coppies sand dunes.
    • Most Common: Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer, Jodhpur
    • Note: These sand dunes are also called 'Nebkha'.
  2. Network Sand Dune: Sand dunes that are connected to each other are called network sand dunes.
    • Most Common: Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur

Semi-Arid Desert/Bangar Region ​

  • The land located between the Arid Desert (25 cm rainfall) and the Aravali region (50 cm rainfall) is called the Semi-Arid Desert/Bangar region.
  • Study of the Semi-Arid Desert:
    • For study purposes, the Semi-Arid Desert is further divided into four parts:
      1. Ghaggar Basin
      2. Shekhawati Interior Drainage Region
      3. Luni Basin
      4. Nagauri Uplands

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  1. Luni Basin: The Luni Basin is also called the Godwar Basin, and it is spread across Pali, Barmer, Jalore, and Jodhpur.

    • Characteristics:
      • Nehad Region: Located in the Jalore district in the Luni Basin.
      • Saline vegetation is found in this basin.
      • Saline vegetation is found in Balotra (Barmer).

  2. Nagauri Uplands: The Nagauri Uplands are located in Nagaur, Didwana, Kuchaman, and partly in Ajmer.

    • Characteristics:
      • Kuber/Banka Belt: Located between Nagaur and Ajmer, where Fluoride is abundant, causing 'Fluorosis' disease (Weak and twisted bones and a hump-like bone near the neck)
      • Saline Lakes - Found more in that region

  3. Shekhawati Interior Drainage Region: This region is located in Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, and Neem ka Thana.

    • Characteristics:
      • Johad: In the Shekhawati region, the unpaved water wells are called Johad.
      • Torawati: The drainage area of the Kauntali River is called 'Torawati'. It is located in Sikar, Jhunjhunu, and Neem ka Thana.
      • Sar: In Shekhawati, the pond formed by monsoon is called a Sar.
      • Beed: In the Shekhawati region, pasture lands are called Beed.

  4. Ghaggar Basin: This basin is located in Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, and Anupgarh.

    • Ghaggar
    • Note: When the Ghaggar river flows higher than normal, it reaches Fort Abbas in Pakistan.
    • Characteristics:
      • Nali/Pat: In Hanumangarh, the Ghaggar River is called Nali/Pat.
      • Kathi/Baggi: The smooth and fertile soil of the Ghaggar Basin is called Kathi/Baggi.
      • Main Crops Produced: Wheat, Rice, Cotton, Sugarcane.
    • Question: What is the difference between the arid and semi-arid regions?

Other Important Points about the Desert ​

  1. Temporary Lake:

    *   Palsar
*   Land —> By Paliwal Brahmins
*   Pond
    • Temporary water lakes in the desert are called 'Playa'.
    • Lakes built by Paliwal Brahmins in the desert are called Khadin.
    • Playa and Khadin lakes are mostly in Jaisalmer.

  2. Rann/Tat/Tadh: In the desert, saline, marshy, and barren land and lakes are called Rann/Tat/Tadh.

    • Saline, Marshy, and Barren
    • Mounted Stock
    • Most Ranns in Raj: Jaisalmer, Barmer
    • Note: Major Ranns of Rajasthan:
      1. Pugal - Talchappar, Padhihara
      2. Phalodi - Baap, Phalodi
      3. Jaisalmer - Bhakri, Pokhran
      4. Barmer - Thob

  3. Water Belt/Lathi Series:

    • The underground water remains of the Saraswati River is called the water belt or Lathi Series.
    • Length: 60 km
    • Located between Pokhran and Mohangarh
    • Thala
    • Thar
    • Sevan Grass
    • Lathi Series
    • Jaisalmer
    • Pokhran
    • Mohangarh
    • Sevan grass is abundant in this area, which is called the habitat of Godawan.
    • Note: Rajasthan's second water belt = Baglu (Nagaur) to Sanchore (Jalore)

  4. Akal Wood Fossil Park:

    • Location: National Desert Park (Jaisalmer)
    • Fossil Creation Time: Jurassic Period (180 million years ago)
    • These wooden fossils are the oldest in India or Rajasthan.

  5. Wallu-Boulder Clay:

    • Large pebbles and stones (Boulder) and fine sediments deposited by glaciers/ice are called "Boulder Clay."
    • Formation Period: Permo-Carboniferous Period
    • Location: Phalodi (Jodhpur)
      • Glacier/Ice
      • Jodhpur(Baap)
      • —> Pebbles and Stones
      • — Sediments

  6. Nakhlistan/Desert Garden:

    • In the desert, where water basins are found, vegetation grows, and it is called Nakhlistan or Desert Garden.
      • Example: Kolayat Lake - Bikaner Gadnesar Gadisar (Jaisalmer)
      • Desert
    • Vegetation * Water Basin

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  1. Balsan: The parts surrounded or enclosed by hills in the desert is called Balsan.
  • example: Sambhar Lake
  1. Dhore/Dharian:
  • The wavy sand dune is called Dhore
  • Migratory or Dynamic sand dunes are called Dharian.
  • Found most commonly in Jaisalmer.
  1. Peewna: A species of snake (most venomous)
    • Color: Yellow
    • Most Common: Jaisalmer
  2. Desert March:
  • The migration or movement of the desert is called the Desert March.
  • Direction: South-West to North-East (Haryana) * Note: Barchan contributes most to the desert's movement.
  1. Thar Desert:
    • Total area: 238254 sq km
    • Rajasthan= 62% (1,75,000 sq km)
    • India= 85% & Pakistan= 15%

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  • Indian States with Most Thar Desert:
    1. Rajasthan (62%)
    2. Gujarat
    3. Haryana
    4. Punjab
  1. Importance of the Desert

    • Tourism

    • Minerals

    • Resources

    • Military training sites

    • Biodiversity

    • Renewable Energy

    • Nuclear testing site

    • Livestock

    • Salt Production

    • Note: Large Industries: Alwar, Most industries: Jaipur.

  • Renewable Energy:

    • The north-western part of Rajasthan has the highest potential for renewable energy, such as solar and wind energy.

  • Minerals:

    • Fossil/Energy minerals are more abundant in the north-western part of Rajasthan, such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal.
    • 2023 Highest Production: Barmer

  • Nuclear Testing Site: Pokhran is known as India's nuclear testing site.

  • Military Training Sites:

    • Chandan Field Firing Range (Jaisalmer)
    • Mahajan Field Firing Range (Bikaner) Page 28

  • Livestock: Livestock is abundant in the desert region of Rajasthan.

    • Major Districts: Barmer, Jodhpur

  • Salt Resources: Salt is produced more in the desert because there are more saline water lakes here.

  • Example: Sambhar, Pachpadra (best quality salt)

    • Didwana.

  • Tourism: The culture of western Rajasthan attracts tourism.

    • Camel Festival (Bikaner)
    • Marwar Festival (Jodhpur)
    • Desert Festival (Jaisalmer)
    • Thar Festival (Barmer)

  • Biodiversity: Compared to other deserts in the world, the Thar Desert has more biodiversity.

  • Food Production: Coarse grains are mostly produced in the north-western part of Rajasthan, e.g., Bajra.

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The Aravali Range ​

  • The Aravali Range is an ancient (in terms of its formation period), folded residual mountain range.
  • Formation Period: Ancient - Precambrian Era
  • Formation Process: Folded, Present State: Residual

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Aravali Mountains ​

  • Total Length: 690 km → Length in Rajasthan: 550 km (80% part)

  • Average Height: 930 meters

  • Direction of Aravali:

    • South-West to North-East

  • Father of Aravali: Arabian Sea

    • Because the origin of the Aravali is from the Arabian Sea.

  • Study of Aravali: For study purposes, the Aravali is divided into three parts:

    • Raghunathgarh (Sikar) - 1055 m
    • Taragarh (873 m)
    • Guru Shikhar (1722 m)
    • Sirohi
    • Jaipur
    • Rajsamand
    • Northern Aravali
    • Central Aravali
    • Southern Aravali
    • Palampur - Girnar Hills (Gujarat)
    • Raisina Hills (Delhi)
    • Khed Brahma (part of Sirohi)

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1. Northern Aravali ​

  • Extends between Neem ka Thana and Jaipur.
  • Highest Peak: Raghunathgarh (1055 m), Sikar

2. Central Aravali ​

  • Extends between Jaipur and Rajsamand.
  • Also called Merwara Aravali.
  • Largest Extent: Ajmer
  • Highest Peak: Taragarh - 873 meters
  • Naga - 795 m

3. Southern Aravali ​

  • Extends between Rajsamand and Sirohi.
  • Highest Peak: Guru Shikhar
  • Southern Aravali is further divided into two parts:

4. Abu Aravali ​

  • Extent: Sirohi, Pali
  • Highest Peak: Guru Shikhar

5. Mewar Aravali ​

  • Extent: Udaipur, Rajsamand
  • Highest Peak: Jaraga (1431 m), Udaipur

Aravali Plateaus ​

  • Most plateaus are found in the southern Aravali. The major plateaus are:

    • Sirohi
    • Udia Plateau, Abu Parvat
    • Bhorat (Rajsamand)
    • Mesa
    • Mandesar
    • Bhongat - Dungarpur
    • Kankodi
    • Hadoti (Chittorgarh)
    • Lasadiya Plateau
    • Rajsamand
    • Alwar
    • Pratapgarh

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Plateaus ​

Note: Highest Forest - Udaipur

1. Udia Plateau ​

  • Located in Sirohi, southern Aravali.
  • Highest plateau in Rajasthan.
  • Height: 1360 meters

2. Abu Parvat ​

  • Abu Parvat is a plateau located in Sirohi in the southern Aravali.
  • Second-highest plateau in Sirohi.
  • Height: 1200 m
  • Abu Plateau is an example of dome-shaped (batholith structure)
  • structure.

3. Bhorat Plateau ​

  • A plateau located between Kumbhalgarh Hills (Rajsamand) and Gogunda Hills (Udaipur).
  • Second-highest plateau in Rajsamand - Bhorat (1225 m)
    • Note: Jaraga hill is located in the Bhorat Plateau area. It is the highest peak of Mewar Aravali.

4. Bhomat Plateau ​

  • A hilly and plateau region that extends in Udaipur and mainly in Dungarpur.
  • The Bhil tribe is mostly found in this area.

5. Lasadia Plateau ​

  • Located in the southern Aravali, east of Jaisamand Lake.
  • Current Location: Salumber to Pratapgarh (as per new districts)
  • Earlier Location: Udaipur to Chittorgarh

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Note: Lasadia Plateau is a Bad Land plateau.

6. Kransaka and Kankawadi Plateaus: Located in Alwar in the northern Aravali. ​

Aravali Passes or Nal ​

(50 words answer)

  • A low and narrow path in the middle of mountains that connects the roads on both sides of the mountains is called a pass or nal.

  • Most passes: Southern Aravali (Rajsamand) Now, as per the new districts it is located in Beawar

    • Bar Nal
    • Parvariya Nal
    • Sura Nal
    • Someshwar Nal
    • Hathiguda Nal
    • Kamli/Khambli Nal
    • Goramghat Nal
    • Pagliya Nal
    • Bar Nal
    • Desuri Nal
    • Dehar Nal
    • Kavda Nal
    • Phulwari Nal
    • Hathi Nal
    • Pali
    • Udaipur
    • Rajsamand
    • Beawar

1. Dehar Nal ​

  • Located in Salumber in the southern Aravali.
  • Jaisamand Lake is located on the Gomti River in the same nal. Therefore, Jaisamand Lake is also called Dehar Lake.

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Note: Jaisamand Lake -> Rajsamand, artificial freshwater lake.

2. Phulwari Nal ​

  • Located in Udaipur in the southern Aravali.
  • Som, Mansi, Wakal rivers flow through this nal.

3. Hathiguda Nal ​

  • Located in Rajsamand in the southern Aravali.
  • This nal connects Rajsamand, Gogunda (Udaipur), and Sirohi.

4. Pagliya Nal ​

  • Located in Rajsamand in the southern Aravali.
  • It connects Mewar (Rajsamand) to Marwar (Pali).

5. Desuri Nal ​

  • Located in Pali in the southern Aravali and connects Pali to Charbhuja Nath Temple (Rajsamand).

6. Bar Nal ​

  • Located in the central Aravali, Beawar district.
  • It connects Marwar (Jodhpur, Pali) to Merwara (Beawar and Ajmer).
  • Jodhpur
  • Pali
  • Marwar
  • Ajmer
  • Beawar
  • Merwara

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Rocks of Aravali ​

  • Study of the Geomorphic Structure of Aravali in Rajasthan:
    • According to A.M. Heron: The Aravali is formed from the Delhi Supergroup rocks.
      • Groups included:
        • Alwar Garh group
        • Alwar group
        • Raylo group

Importance of Aravali (50 words) ​

  1. Desertification: Aravali prevents desertification as a barrier.
  2. Biodiversity: More biodiversity is found in the Aravali due to high vegetation cover.
  3. Tribal Protection: Most of the tribes in Rajasthan are found in Aravali. Therefore, Aravali is called the refuge of tribes.
    • Major Tribes: Meena (Jaipur), Bhil (Udaipur), Garasia (Sirohi)
  4. Minerals: Metallic minerals are abundant in the Aravali region because Aravali is made up of Dharwar rocks.
  • Dharwar rocks

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(vi) Drainage System and Rivers

  • Most of the rivers in Rajasthan originate from the Aravali.

(vii) Watershed

  • Aravali is called the watershed of Rajasthan because it divides the drainage system of Rajasthan into two parts:
    • Arabian Sea Drainage System
    • Plateau (Watershed)
    • Bay of Bengal Drainage System *(viii) Most of Rajasthan's lakes (freshwater) are found in the Aravali region (Udaipur). (ix) Tourism
  • The Aravali attracts tourism because famous religious sites (Ajmer-Pushkar) and hill stations (Mount Abu) are located in the Aravali.

(x) Civilization

  • Aravali is called the birthplace of ancient civilization (Ahar, Gilund, Bairath, Ganeshwar) and new urban civilizations (Jaipur, Ajmer, Udaipur).

(xi) Planning Region

  • The Aravali mountain range is called the planning region of Rajasthan because many schemes and budgets of the government are implemented in the Aravali region, such as preservation of civilization and development of tourism.

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Other Important Points of the Aravali Region (Pre) ​

  1. Piedmont:

    • The mountain foothill areas are called piedmont, such as Devgarh (Rajsamand).
      • Mountain
      • Plateau
      • Plain
      • Piedmont
    • Pied - Foot
    • Mount - Mountain

  2. Highest Peaks of Aravali - Descending Order

TrickPeakHeightLocation
GuruGuru Shikhar1722 metersSirohi
SeSer1597 metersSirohi
Dil seDelwara1442 metersSirohi
JaraJaraga1431 metersUdaipur
AasAchalgarh1380 metersSirohi
KumbhaKumbhalgarh1224 metersRajsamand
RaghuRaghunathgarh1055 metersSikar
RishiRishikesh1017 metersSirohi
KaKamal Nath1001 metersUdaipur
SajjanSajjangarh938 metersUdaipur
MorMokhamli934 metersBeawar
Kho meKhoh920 metersJaipur Rural
SaSayara900 metersUdaipur
TTaragarh873 metersAjmer
BoliBilali775 metersAlwar
RojRoja Bhakar730 metersJalore

  • Note: Colonel James Tod called ‘Guru Shikhar’ the peak of saints.

  • Aravali in Rajasthan

    • Highest Altitude: Sirohi
    • Largest Extent: Udaipur Region
    • Minimum Height and Extent of Aravali: Ajmer

  • Major Hills of Aravali in Rajasthan

    Trick:

    (i) Bhakar: Sirohi (ii) Name of hill + Bhakar: Jalore (iii) Name of hill + Magra: Udaipur, Rajsamand (iv) Name of hill + Dungar, Dungari: Jaipur, Kotputli Behror

  • Mehrangarh Fort

  • Chidiyatuk Hill (Jodhpur)

  • Sonar Fort (Jaisalmer) is located on Trikut Parvat.

  • Near Parvat, Karauli, Kaila Devi Temple is located.

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Hill / MountainLocation
Trikut Hill (Sonar Fort)Jaisalmer
Trikut Parvat (Kaila Devi Temple)Karauli
Chidiyatuk (Mehrangarh Fort)Jodhpur
Roja Bhakar, Israna Bhakar, Arela BhakarJalore
Sundha Mata - 1st Rope Way 2006, Bear SanctuaryJalore
Jaswantpura Hills (highest peak) Dora Parvat - 869 metersJalore
  • Note: Granite and clear rhyolite rocks are mainly found in the hills of Jalore and Barmer.
  • Sirohi
    • Bhakar: In the southern Aravali, the small, steep slope, and badland hills are called Bhakar.
      • Badland
      • Steep Slope
    • Bel ka Magra: The deposit of Wollastonite mineral is found here.
  • Rajsamand: Rail ka Magra

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Udaipur -

  1. Hiran Magri

  2. Machala Magra -> 2nd Rope Way-2008

    • located near Pichola Lake/Dudh Talai.
    • Mansapurna Karni Mata Temple

  3. Moti Magri - near Fateh Sagar Lake

  4. Jaraga Hill

  5. Raga Hill

    • Dehra
    • Jaraga Raga
    • The green area located between Jaraga and Raga hills in Udaipur is called Dehra.

  6. Gogunda Hills: Origin of Ayad and Berach rivers.

  7. Bouchamera Hills - origin of Som river

  • Rajsamand (i) Bijral - Khari (ii) Diveer - Kothari * Tributary of Banas River (iii) Khamnor Hills: Origin of Banas River

  • Pali: (i) Kala-Bhura Dungar - Located on the eastern border of Luni and Basin

  • Beawar: Todgarh Hill - 934 m

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  • Ajmer: (i) Taragarh Hill - 873 m (ii) Naga Hill - 795 m * Due to being serpentine * Origin of Luni River

  • Jaipur - Jaipur City (i) Moti Dungri - Ganesh Temple (ii) Jhalana Dungri (iii) Sangal Hills (Cheel Pahari) -> Jaigarh Fort is located here (iv) Babai

  • Kotputli Behror (i) Mahadev Dungri (ii) Gogora Dungri (iii) Bhim Dungri (iv) Beethak ki Pahari * Related to Bairath Civilization * (Viratnagar)

  • Bairath Hills: Origin of Banganga - Kotputli

  • Sever Hills: Origin of Sabi River

  • Manoharpura Hills: Origin of Metha/Meda

  • Jaipur Rural

  • Barwara Hills - Jaipur Rural

  • Sawai Madhopur (i) Chauth ka Barwara: Chauth Mata Temple

    • Storage of Lead-Zinc

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  • Jhunjhunu: Buwai Hills (Bhim ka Thana - present)

  • Sikar: (i) Malket/Malkhet Hill (ii) Khandela Hills: Origin of Kantali River * Rohila Region -> storage of Uranium (iii) Kalal Hills: Jeen Mata Temple -> 6th Ropeway (iv) Harsh Parvat: Harshnath Temple

  • Alwar:

    • Harshnath Hill
    • Udaynath Hill: Origin of Ruparel River
    • Bhairanch Parvat
    • Bhangarh Hills
    • Sirawas Hills

  • Bundi:

    • Adawala/Arawala Hill

  • Bhilwara:

    • Bijasun Hills
    • Note: Bijasun Mata Temple is in Undragarh (Bundi).

Special-Shaped Hills of Rajasthan ​

(i) Spherical -> Barmer (ii) Horseshoe -> Bari (Hadoti) * Water-filled -> Ramgarh Crater Lake (iii) Disc shape -> Girwa mountain range (iv) Semicircular -> Bundi Hills, Mukundra Hills - Kota, Jhalawar (v) Naga Hills -> Ajmer

Eastern Plains Region ​

  • The eastern plains of Rajasthan are formed by sediments deposited by rivers.

  • Formation Period: Pleistocene Epoch

  • Study of Eastern Plains: For study purposes, the eastern plains are divided into three parts:

    1. Mahi Plain
    2. Banas-Banganga Plain
    3. Chambal Plain

1. Mahi Plain ​

  • The southern plain of Rajasthan is called the Mahi / Aati / Wagad Plain.
  • Extent: Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh (Kanthal Plain)
    • Mahi River

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Mahi Plains ​

Note: In Banswara and Pratapgarh, the Mahi plain is called the "Chhappan ka Maidan" because it extends across 56 villages.

  • Soil: Red and loamy soil is mainly found in the Mahi Plain.
  • Agricultural Crops: Corn (Maize), Maize, Pulses, Rice (Mahi Sugandha), Sugarcane

2. Banas-Banganga Plain ​

  • (i) Banas Plain: For the purpose of study, the Banas Plain is divided into two parts: (A) Mewar Plain (B) Malpura-Karauli Plain

    • (A) Mewar Plain: The southern plain of Banas is called the Mewar Plain.
      • Extent: CUBR (Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Rajsamand)
    • (B) Malpura-Karauli Plain: The northern plain of Banas.
      • Extent: ATM (Ajmer, Tonk, Sawai Madhopur)

  • Soil: Brown soil in the Banas Plain

  • (ii) Banganga Plain

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  • The Banganga Plain is also called the Roohi Plain.
  • Extent: Jaipur, Kotputli-Behror, Dausa, Bharatpur
  • Soil: Mostly alluvial soil is found.
  • Specialty: Maximum water exploitation is found in the Banganga Plain because it has the most fertile alluvial soil.

3. Chambal Plain ​

  • The Chambal Plain is also called the "Bihad/Dang Plain".

    • Badland Topography
    • Gully Erosion

  • Badlands created by the gully erosion of the Chambal are called 'Bihad'.

  • Extent: Chittorgarh, Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Dholpur

  • Soil: Black alluvial soil is found.

4. Importance of Eastern Plains (50 words) ​

  • (i) Agricultural Productivity:
    • Agricultural productivity is higher in the eastern plains because the most fertile soil (alluvial) is found here.
  • (ii) Population Density:
    • It has a high population density because it is a fertile region.

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  • (iii) Basic Infrastructure: Basic infrastructure is more developed in the eastern plains, such as roads, electricity, transport, and education.
  • (iv) Industry: The eastern plain is more developed than other physiographic regions such as Jaipur and Alwar.
  • (v) Bird Biodiversity: More species of birds are found in the eastern plains.
    • Ex: Keoladeo, Kachh Baritha

Other Important Points ​

  • Plains of Rajasthan by Direction

    • Indus River
    • Ghaggar River
    • Yamuna River
    • Eastern River
    • Mahi River
    • Chambal River

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Hadoti Plateau / South-Eastern Plateau ​

  • Formation: It is formed by basalt lava rocks.
  • Formation Period: Cretaceous Period
  • Average Height of Hadoti: 500 meters
    • Upper Hadoti (1) Cretaceous Plateau
    • Southern Hadoti

Study of the Hadoti Plateau ​

  • For the purpose of study, the Hadoti Plateau is divided into two main parts and three sub-parts.
  • Main parts of Hadoti Plateau:
    • (i) Deccan Lava Plateau
    • (ii) Vindhyan Scarps
  • Note: G.B.F [Great Boundary Fault]
    • It is a fault located between the Aravali and Hadoti. It is included in the World Heritage site.
    • Extent: Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Dholpur
    • GBF is located in the north-west of Hadoti and east of Aravali.

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(i) Deccan Lava Plateau ​

  • It is located in the south of Hadoti, and its extent is:

    • Malwa Region (Pratapgarh, Jhalawar)
    • Uparmal -
      • Bijolia (Bhilwara)
      • Bhainsrodgarh (Chittorgarh)

  • (ii) Vindhyan Scarps: It is located in the east of Hadoti, and its extent is:

    • Hadoti Dang Region
      • Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Dholpur

Rocks/Minerals of Vindhyan Scarps ​

  • (i) Sand Stone
  • (ii) Lime Stone
  • (iii) Red Stone
  • (iv) Kota Stone
  • (v) Diamond

Three Subdivisions of Hadoti ​

  1. Semicircular Hill
  2. Shahabad Upland (Baran)
  3. Dag Gangadhar Upland (Jhalawar)
    • Bundi Hills
    • Mukundra Hills (Kota, Jhalawar)

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  1. Semicircular Hill

    • Mainly in Bundi
    • Hadoti

  2. Shahabad Upland

    • Ramgarh Crater (Meteorite Lake)

  3. Dag Gangadhar Upland

1. Semicircular Hill ​

  • It is located in the North-West of Hadoti. * Extent: Bundi Hills - 96 km * Mukundra Hills - 120 km
    • Kota, Jhalawar

2. Shahabad Upland ​

  • It is mainly located in the east of Hadoti.
    • Extent: Baran (mainly)
    • Horse-shoe shaped hills are located in this area where Ramgarh Crater is situated
    • The Sahariya tribe is mainly found in this region.

3. Dag Gangadhar Upland ​

  • It is located in Jhalawar
    • Black soil is mainly found in that area.
    • Soybean is produced more.

Importance of Hadoti ​

(i) Agricultural Productivity:

  • Agricultural productivity is high in the Hadoti region because black soil/fertile soil is found here.

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Hadoti Importance ​

(iii) Population Density:

  • Population density is high because fertile soil is found here. (iii) Minerals:
  • Stone minerals are mainly found in Hadoti, such as sandstone, limestone, red stone (Dholpur stone). (iv) Water Productivity / Surface Water:
  • Water productivity is high in this area because more rivers are found in this physiographic region. (v) Aquatic Biodiversity:
  • Aquatic biodiversity is high in the Hadoti region such as gharials, crocodiles, otters, Ganges sus (dolphin). (Most in Ganges River)