Rajasthan

Appearance

History of Ranthambore ​

This section details the history of the Chauhan dynasty that ruled in Ranthambore.

Rulers of Ranthambore ​

  1. Govindraj:
    • Son of Prithviraj Chauhan III.
    • Established the Chauhan kingdom in Ranthambore in 1194 AD.
  2. Valhana
  3. Prahladan
  4. Veernarayan: Killed while fighting against the Sultan of Delhi, Iltutmish.
  5. Vagbhatta: Nasiruddin Mahmud of Delhi attacked Ranthambore, but he failed to capture it.
    • Note: Defeated Qutbuddin Hasan, the commander of Razia Sultan.
  6. Jaitrasimha:
    • Ruled for 30 years.
    • Made his son, Hammir, the king during his lifetime.
  7. Hammir (1282 AD - 1301 AD):
    • Victorious in 16 out of 17 battles.
    • Defeated several neighboring kings.

Hammir's Conquests: ​

  • Pratap Singh (Abu)
  • Samar Singh (Mewar)
  • Bhoj Parmar (Dhar/Dhara Nagari) - Malwa
  • Arjun (Bhinmal) M.P

Conflicts with the Delhi Sultanate ​

  • Jalaluddin Khilji's Attacks: Jalaluddin Khilji of Delhi attacked Ranthambore twice (1290 AD and 1292 AD), but was unsuccessful.
  • Jalaluddin's Remark: After his failure, Jalaluddin Khilji said, "I do not consider such ten forts equal to a Muslim's hair."
  • Description in Literature: Amir Khusrau described Jalaluddin Khilji's attacks in his book, "Miftah-ul-Futuh."

Alauddin Khilji's Attack (1301 AD) ​

  • Causes of the Attack:
    • Alauddin wanted to expand his empire.
    • Ranthambore Fort was famous for its strategic importance (located on a high hill).
    • Ranthambore Fort was situated on the trade route from Delhi to Malwa and Gujarat.
    • Hammir had given shelter to the rebels of Alauddin Khilji:
      1. Muhammad Shah
      2. Kehdrah

Armies ​

Alauddin KhiljiHammir
1. Nusrat Khan1. Bhim Singh
2. Ulug Khan2. Dharm Singh
3. Alp Khan
  • Nusrat Khan and Bhim Singh were killed in battle.
  • Saka of 1301 AD: The saka took place in Ranthambore in 1301 AD. This was the first Saka of Rajasthan.
  • Jauhar by Rangadevi: Hammir's queen, Rangadevi, committed jauhar.
  • Description of Jauhar: Amir Khusrau described this Jauhar in his book, “Khazain-ul-Futuh”.
  • This is the first information about Jauhar in the Persian Language.
  • Kesaraiya: Hammir committed Kesaraiya.
  • Capture of Ranthambore: Alauddin Khilji captured Ranthambore and handed it over to Ulug Khan (July 11, 1301).
  • Amir Khusrau's Statement: Amir Khusrau stated, "Today, the house of Kufr (infidelity) has become the house of Islam."
  • Deval De: Hammir's daughter, Deval De, committed suicide by jumping into Padam Talab (water jauhar).
  • Betrayal: Rahmal and Ratipal betrayed Hammir.

Hammir's Cultural Achievements: ​

  • Shringar Har: Hammir wrote a book named Shringar Har.
  • Koti Yagya: He organized a 'Koti Yagya.'
    • Priest: Vishwaroop
  • 32-Pillared Chhatri: He built a '32-Pillared Chhatri' in Ranthambore in memory of his father, Jaitrasimha’s, 32-year reign.
  • Court Scholars:
    • Raghavdev (Hammir's guru)
    • Bajaditya

Evaluation of Hammir ​

  • Accusations: Hammir is accused of being stubborn and waging war through deceit, but these accusations can be refuted.
  • Financial Need for War: At that time, wars were going on externally and required more money, and this was done by all kings.
  • Unblemished Record: Hammir never lost any war before this.
  • Protection of the Supplicant: Protecting those who seek refuge was an ideal of Indian culture at that time, and Hammir was following these ideals.
  • Sacrifice and Bravery: His bravery and willingness to sacrifice everything for the protection of those who sought refuge is not only unforgettable, but also places him at the forefront.

Couplet about Hammir ​

  • A poet has rightly said about Hammir:

    "Sih gaman, sa purus vachan, kadali phal ek baar Tiriyan tel, Hammir hath, chade na duji baar !."

    • Translation: "The lion walks once, a noble person speaks once, a banana tree bears fruit once, oil on a woman's hair is applied once, and Hammir's stubbornness will not rise twice."
  1. Nayanchandra Suri: Hammir Mahakavya
  2. Sarngadhar: Hammir Raso
  3. Jodhraj: Hammir Raso
  4. Chandrashekhar: Hammir Hath
  5. Amrit Kailash: Hammir Badhan
  6. Bhim Vyas: Hammirrayan
  7. Mehra: Hammir Raso

Okay, here's a structured and translated version of the remaining notes, covering the histories of Nadol, Bundi, Kota, Jhalawar, Sirohi, and Jalore, formatted in Markdown: