• DRDO's Hypersonic Missile: DRDO developed hypersonic short-range ballistic missile, BM-04.

• Maternal Mortality: India ranks second globally in maternal mortality trends.

• Skill Development & Entrepreneurship Ministry: Agreement signed between the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship and the World Economic Forum.

• Tahubar Rana: Brought from the USA to India.

• First Unicorn Jaspe: Jaspe identified as first unicorn (context needed for complete understanding).

• "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" in "Simran in the Square": Mentioned (context needed for complete understanding).

• Droupadi Murmu's Visit: Question referencing Droupadi Murmu's visit to Slovakia.

• Global Technology Summit: Held in Delhi.

• Vaka Veera Brand: Associated with Punjab.

• "Jach Abhiyogyan" (Investigation Prosecution) Award: Linked to a UP portal.

• Mahavir Jayanti: Celebrated by the Jain community.

• DRDO's Hypersonic Short Range Ballistic Missile: Referred to as BM04.

• India's Rank in Maternal Mortality: India is ranked second.

• Agreement between Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship and World Economic Forum: Agreement signed.

• Tahul Rana's Return to India: Tahul Rana has returned to India from the USA.

• First Unicorn Jaspreet: Jaspreet identified as the first unicorn (context needed for complete understanding).

• India's Ranking in Ankita's Frontier Technology Index: India ranked 36th.

• DRDO Missile Test: DRDO successfully tested the MRSAM (Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile) in collaboration with Israel.

• India-South Korea Arms Deal: The Indian government signed an agreement with Hanwha Aerospace (South Korea) to import K9 Howitzer cannons.

• President Murmu's Honorary Doctorate: President Droupadi Murmu received an honorary doctorate from Comenius University in Slovakia.

• DRDO Testing of Glide Bomb:

  • DRDO successfully tested the "Gaurav" glide bomb at Pokhran.
  • The bomb has a range of 100 km and weighs 1000 kg.
  • It is designed to be deployed from Sukhoi aircraft.

• AI Centers in Maharashtra:

  • The Maharashtra government signed an agreement with Microsoft to establish AI centers in Nagpur, Mumbai, and Pune.

• UNCTAD Frontier Technology Index:

  • India ranked 36th in the UNCTAD Frontier Technology Index.

• DRDO's MRSAM Missile Test:

  • The DRDO successfully tested the MRSAM (Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile) in collaboration with Israel.

• K9 Vajra Howitzers Import:

  • The Indian government signed an agreement with Hanwha Aerospace (South Korea) for the import of K9 Vajra howitzers.

• Honorary Doctorate for President Murmu:

  • President Droupadi Murmu received an honorary doctorate from Comenius University in Slovakia.

• SpaceX Mission:

  • SpaceX launched the first human mission to orbit Earth's poles.

• Zircon Hypersonic Missile:

  • Russia unveiled the Mach 9 Zircon hypersonic missile.

• Asbestos Ban in Schools:

  • India's Ministry of Education banned asbestos use in Kendriya Vidyalayas (KV) and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNV) due to health risks.

• Indian Navy's Maritime Training:

  • The Indian Navy started its first maritime training exercise under its first Indian Ocean Initiative in Kochi.

• Nilgiri Tahr Census:

  • Tamil Nadu and Kerala have jointly started a census of the Nilgiri Tahr, the state animal of Tamil Nadu.
  • The census is timed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Eravikulam National Park in Kerala.

• INS Vikrant and Rafale Fighter Jets:

  • The INS Vikrant aircraft carrier will deploy Rafale Marine fighter jets.
  • These jets have foldable wings.
  • India is acquiring 26 Rafale Marine jets (20 single-seater and 6 double-seater).

• Anti-Drone System (Bharat Astra):

  • The Bharat Astra system is designed to neutralize swarm drone attacks.

• Missiles:

  • Gandvya: A beyond visual range air-to-air missile (formerly known as Astra).
  • Samar: A surface-to-air air defense system.

• Submarines:

  • India has built six diesel submarines, including INS Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, Vagir, and Vagsheer.

• Rafale M Jet Agreement:

  • India and France signed an agreement for 26 Rafale M jets.
  • Dassault Aviation is the manufacturer.
  • The agreement is valued at ₹63,000 crore.
  • 22 jets are single-seater, and 4 are double-seater.
  • The jets are anti-submarine warfare aircraft.
  • They will be deployed on the INS Vikrant aircraft carrier.
  • Rafale M jets have foldable wings.

• Defense Systems:

  • Bharat Astra: Developed to counter swarm drone attacks.
  • Gandhiva: Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile (previously named Astra).
  • Samar: Surface-to-air air defense system.

• India-France Rafale M Jet Deal:

• The Indian cabinet approved the purchase of 26 Rafale M jets from France.

• The agreement is worth ₹63,000 crore.

• The jets will be supplied by Dassault Aviation.

• 22 jets will be single-seater, and 4 will be two-seater.

• The Rafale M jets are anti-submarine warfare aircraft.

• The jets will be based on the INS Vikrant aircraft carrier.

• Book Publications:

• Bandhi Jeevan: Sachindranath Sanyal

• Annihilation of Cast: B.R. Ambedkar

• Satyarth Prakash: Swami Dayanand Saraswati

• India Wins Freedom: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

• Rafale M Jet Purchase:

  • The Indian government approved the purchase of 26 Rafale M jets from France.
  • The agreement is worth ₹63,000 crore.
  • Dassault Aviation will manufacture the jets.
  • The jets are intended for the Indian Navy.

• Prime Minister Modi's Tribute to Mahatma Jyotiba Phule: Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to social reformer Mahatma Jyotiba Phule on his birth anniversary.

• Birth and Works of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule:

  • Born on April 11, 1827, in Maharashtra.
  • Authored the book Gulamgiri in 1873.
  • Founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 in Maharashtra.
  • Awarded the title "Mahatma" by Vitthal Rao Kishanji Wadekar.
  • His wife, Savitribai Phule, was also a social reformer.
  • His memorial is located in Pune, Maharashtra.
  • Died in 1890.

• Shooting World Cup (Buenos Aires):

  • China won 11 medals (5 gold).
  • India won 8 medals (4 gold), placing second.
  • Indian gold medalists in shooting: Shif Kor Simran, Rudraksh Patil, Suruchi Singh, Vijayveer Singh.

• Paris Olympics Medalists (India):

  • Bronze medals:
    • Manu Bhaker (shooting) - 0+1+5 system.
    • Manu Bhaker & Sarjoot Singh (shooting) - 0+1+5 system.
    • Swapnil Kushale (shooting) - 0+1+5 system.
    • Indian Hockey Team
    • Aman Sheharawat (Wrestling, 57 kg category)
  • Silver medal: Neeraj Chopra (Javelin throw, 89.45 meters).

• Paralympic Games Gold Medalists (India):

  • Avani Lekhara (Shooting)
  • Nitish Kumar (Badminton)
  • Sumit Antle (Javelin Throw)
  • Harvinder Singh (Archery)
  • Dharmveer Singh (Club Throw)
  • Praveen Kumar (High Jump)
  • Navdeep Singh (Javelin Throw)

• Jyotiba Phule:

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to social reformer Mahatma Jyotiba Phule.
  • Born on April 11, 1827, in Maharashtra.
  • Authored the book "Gulamgiri" in 1873.
  • Founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 in Maharashtra.
  • Awarded the title "Mahatma" by Vitthal Rao Kishan Wadekar.

- **ISSF World Cup 2025:**
    - Held in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
    - China won first place with 5 gold medals and 11 total medals.
    - India won second place with 4 gold medals and 8 total medals.
    - Indian gold medalists: Shif Kaur Samra, Rudraksh Patil, Suruchi Singh, Vijayveer Singh.

- **Paris Olympics:**
    - Bronze medals in shooting: Manu Bhaker, Manu Bhaker & Sarabjot Singh, Swapnil Kusale.
    - Bronze medal for the Indian hockey team.
    - Silver medal for Neeraj Chopra (javelin throw).
    - Bronze medal for Aman Sheharawat (boxing/wrestling, 57 kg category).

- **Paralympics:**
    - First gold medal won by Avani Lekhara (shooting).
    - Other gold medalists: Nitesh Kumar (badminton), Sumit Antil (javelin throw), Harvinder Singh (archery), Dharmvir Singh (club throw).

- **International Agreements and Conventions:**
    - **Ottawa Convention:** Russia withdrew from the Ottawa Convention on anti-personnel landmines.
    - **Montreal Protocol (1987):** Signed in Canada on September 16th, it banned Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or Freon, previously used as refrigerants.
    - **Kyoto Protocol (1997):** Held in Japan, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

- **Climate Change Conferences:**
    - **COP 1 (1995):** Held in Berlin, Germany.
    - **COP29:** Held in Baku, Azerbaijan.

- **Disaster Management:**
    - **Sendai Framework:** A framework for disaster management.

- **Russia's Potential Future Attacks:** Neighboring countries fear Russia will rearm after a potential ceasefire with Ukraine, increasing the threat of future attacks on Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belarus.

- **Landmine Deployment:** In response to the perceived threat, Poland is planning to deploy landmines along its border, necessitating withdrawal from the Ottawa Agreement banning anti-personnel landmines.

- **Russia-Ukraine Conflict and its Implications:** Russia declared a ceasefire with Ukraine. Neighboring countries fear that this ceasefire will allow Russia to rebuild its military arsenal and subsequently attack them.

- **Baltic States and Poland's Security Concerns:** Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland share borders with Russia (including a Russian-claimed area adjacent to Poland). These countries believe Russia's ceasefire with Ukraine signals an increased threat to their security.

- **Withdrawal from the Landmine Convention:** Five NATO member countries (Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) have withdrawn from the 1997 Landmine Convention, which bans the use, production, and stockpiling of landmines.
```* **Ottawa Convention (Landmines):**
    * 1997 Ottawa Convention banned landmines.
    * Recent withdrawals by Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (NATO members).

* **Indian Forest Survey Report:**
    * 18th report presented from Dehradun.
    * Started in 1987, released every two years.
    * Madhya Pradesh: Maximum forest area.
    * Chhattisgarh: Highest growth rate.

* **Chipko Movement:**
    * Uttarakhand, led by Sunderlal Bahuguna: saving trees.
    * Jodhpur, Rajasthan, led by Amrita Devi Bishnoi: protecting Khejri trees.

* **Bamboo:**
    * Known as "green gold".
    * Bamboo dance: Mizoram.

* **Vega-C Rocket & Forest Mapping:** Rocket to map world forests, understand carbon cycle (CO2 emissions, forest carbon sinks).

* **Space Agencies:**
    * ESA (European Space Agency).
    * NASA (USA).
    * JAXA (Japan).
    * ISRO (India), established August 15, 1969, Bengaluru.

* **Kanchi Bobbili Dispute:** Deforestation near Hyderabad university, violation of 1980 environmental regulations.

* **Biomass Mission (ESA):**
    * Launch: April 29, 2025, using Vega-C rocket.
    * Objective: Map forests, understand carbon cycle (CO2, carbon sinks).

* **Japan - 3D Printed Railway Station:**
    * Japan completed a 3D-printed railway station in 66 hours, built by JR West.

* **LUPEX Mission (India-Japan):**
    * Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX): ISRO (India) and JAXA (Japan).

* **Lignosat Satellite:**
    * Lignosat: World's first wooden satellite, developed by Japan.

* **Japan - Geography and Government:**
    * Islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku.
    * Nicknames: Nippon, Land of the Rising Sun.
    * Capital: Tokyo.
    * Currency: Yen.
    * Parliament: Diet.
    * Prime Minister: Fumio Kishida.
```markdown
## Japan's Innovations

*   **First 3D-Printed Train Station:**
    *   JR West Company constructed Hasu-shima Station.
    *   Construction time: 6 hours.
    *   Replaced a wooden station for earthquake resilience.
    *   Advantages: Lower cost, reduced labor, faster construction.
*   **First Wooden Satellite:**
    *   Lignosat

## Railway Infrastructure

*   **World's Largest Railway Platform:**
    *   Siddapura Swami railway platform in Karnataka, India.

## Space Missions

*   **Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX):**
    *   Joint mission by ISRO (India) and JAXA (Japan).

## Japan: Geography and Government

*   Islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku.
*   Also known as Nippon and the "Land of the Rising Sun."
*   Capital: Tokyo.
*   Currency: Yen.
*   Parliament: Diet.

## International Organizations

*   **African Union (AU):**
    *   Headquarters: Addis Ababa
    *   Member of the G20
*   **World Hindi Secretariat:**
    *   Located in Port Louis, Mauritius.
*   **Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO):**
    *   Headquarters: Beijing
    *   Membership: 10 countries + Belarus (newest member).

## Geography

*   **Largest African Countries:**
    *   By area: Algeria
    *   By population: Nigeria
*   **Largest Indian Ocean Island:**
    *   Madagascar

## Country Partnership Framework (CPF)

*   Signatories:
    *   Mauritius (first African nation)
    *   Bangladesh
    *   Cuba
    *   Bhutan
*   Aims to promote solar energy development.

## Mauritius

*   Capital: Port Louis
*   Location: Indian Ocean, near Madagascar
*   Prime Minister: Pravind Jugnauth
*   Hosts the World Hindi Secretariat.

## International Solar Alliance (ISA)

*   Established: 2015 during COP21 in Paris (India and France).
*   Headquarters: Gurugram, Haryana.
*   Director-General: Ashish Khanna.
*   Country Partnership Framework (CPF) Agreement: Bangladesh, Cuba, Bhutan, and Mauritius have signed to boost solar energy initiatives.

## BIMSTEC

*   2023 Meeting: Held in Thailand.
*   Next Meeting: Hosted by Bangladesh.
```- **India-Bangladesh Relations:**
    - BIMSTEC meeting held in Bangkok, Thailand. Bilateral meeting between Bangladesh and India also took place there.
    - India granted Bangladesh the three-bighas corridor through the 100th constitutional amendment.
    - States in India sharing a border with Bangladesh: West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura.
    - India ended transit facility services to Bangladesh, except for Bhutan and Nepal, due to strained relations, after damage to Indian religious sites and strained relations during a previous Bangladeshi government.

- **BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation):**
    - Headquarters located in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
    - Established in 1997.
    - Member countries: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Nepal, and Bhutan.
    - 2024 meeting held in Thailand; Bangladesh will host the next meeting.

- **International Solar Alliance (ISA):**
    - Established during COP21 in Paris in 2015 by India and France.
    - Headquarters in Gurugram, Haryana, India.
    - Current Director-General: Ashish Khanna.
    - First African country to sign the ISA Country Partnership Framework: Mauritius.

- **India-Bangladesh Joint Military Exercises:**
    - India and Bangladesh conduct the "Sampriti" and "Bongosagar" military exercises.

- **Bangladesh Currency:**
    - Taka.

- **Head of Bangladesh's Interim Government:**
    - Mohammad Yunus.

- **Other Current Affairs Highlights:**
    - Japan constructed the world's first 3D-printed train station in 6 hours.
    - European Space Agency to map world's forests as part of biomass mission.
    - Poland, Finland, and three other countries announced withdrawal from the 1997 Ottawa Convention due to security threats from Russia.
    - India secured second place in the Buenos Aires ISSF World Cup 2025 points table.
    - India approved a ₹63,000 crore deal to purchase 26 Rafale jets from France.
    - Tamil Nadu and Kerala governments will jointly conduct a Nilgiri tahr census.
    - DRDO successfully tested long-range glide bomb, 'Gaurav', from a Sukhoi-30MKI aircraft.
    - President Droupadi Murmu was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Konstanz (later corrected to Kalinga University).
- **India's Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) Population:**
    - Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of SC individuals.
    - Punjab has the highest percentage of SC individuals (approximately 32%).
    - Madhya Pradesh has the highest number of ST individuals.
    - Mizoram has the highest percentage of ST individuals.

- **Other Population Statistics:**
    - Uttar Pradesh has the highest overall population.
    - Sikkim has the lowest overall population.
    - Bihar has the highest population density (1106 persons per sq km).
    - Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest population density (17 people per sq km).
    - Meghalaya has the highest population growth rate.
    - Nagaland has a negative population growth rate (-0.6%).
    - Kerala has the highest literacy rate (94%).
    - Bihar has the lowest literacy rate (61.80%).
    - Kerala has the highest sex ratio (1084 women per 1000 men).
    - Haryana has the lowest sex ratio (879 women per 1000 men).
    - Highest population Union Territory (UT): Delhi
    - Lowest population UT: Lakshadweep

 - **State-wise Population Distribution:**

    * **Rural Population:** Himachal Pradesh has the highest percentage of rural population (90%), followed by Bihar (88.7%).
    * **Urban Population:** Goa has the highest percentage of urban population (62.2%), although Maharashtra has the largest number of urban residents (5.08 crore).

- **Sex Ratio:**
    - Overall India: 943 (women per 1000 men)
    - Kerala has the highest sex ratio in India (1084 women per 1000 men), the only state above 1000.
    - Haryana has the lowest sex ratio (879 women per 1000 men).
    - Arunachal Pradesh has the highest child sex ratio (972).
    - Haryana has the lowest child sex ratio (834).

- **Literacy Rate:**
    - India's overall literacy rate (2011 data) is 73% (male: 80.09%, female: 64.60%).
    - Kerala has the highest literacy rate (94%).
    - Bihar has the lowest literacy rate (61.80%).

- **Rural Population:**
    - Himachal Pradesh has the highest percentage of rural population (90%).
    - Bihar has the second-highest percentage of rural population (88.7%).

- **Urban Population:**
    - Goa has the highest percentage of urban population (62.2%).
    - Maharashtra has the highest number of urban population (5.08 crore).

- **Population Density:**
    - India's population density (2011 census): 382 persons per sq km.
    - Highest population density state: Bihar (1106 persons per sq km).
    - Lowest population density state: Arunachal Pradesh (17 persons per sq km).
    - Highest population density Union Territory: Delhi (significantly higher than Bihar).
```markdown
## India's Population (2011 Census)

- Total population: 121.09 crore (second after China at the time of the census, now first)
- Population growth (1911-2001): 21.54%
- Population growth (2001-2011): 17.7%
- Female population: 48.53%
- Male population: 51.47%

## Indian States (Area and Population)

- Largest state by area: Rajasthan (previously Madhya Pradesh)
- Smallest state by area: Goa
- Largest Union Territory by area: Ladakh
- Smallest Union Territory by area: Lakshadweep
- State with highest population: Uttar Pradesh (16.51% of India's population)
- States with highest population (after Uttar Pradesh): Maharashtra (9.28%), Bihar (8.6%), West Bengal (7.54%)
- States with lowest population: Sikkim (0.05%), Mizoram (0.09%), Arunachal Pradesh (0.11%), Goa (0.12%)

## State-wise Population Growth (2001-2011)

- Highest growth rate: Meghalaya (27.9%)
- Lowest growth rate: Nagaland (-0.6%)

## India's Population: Key Statistics (2011 Census)

- Uttar Pradesh: Holds 16.51% of India's population.
- Highest Population Growth (10 years): Meghalaya (27.9% growth rate, compared to India's 17.7%)
- Lowest Population Growth (10 years): Nagaland (-0.6% growth rate; population decrease)

## Population Density

- India's Average Population Density: 382 persons per sq km.
- Highest Population Density: Bihar (1106 persons per sq km)
- Lowest Population Density: Arunachal Pradesh (17 persons per sq km)

## Census History

- Census began in 1872 under Viceroy Lord Lytton.
- Scientifically based decennial census began in 1881 under Viceroy Lord Ripon.
- The 2011 census was the 15th overall and the 7th since Indian independence (1951).
- The 1911-1921 decade is called the "Great Divide" due to population decrease; 1921 is known as the "Great Divide Year".
- 2011 census commissioner: Chandramouli.
- 2011 census motto: "Our Census, Our Future."