• Historical Error Correction: The First Battle of Panipat on page 171 is incorrect; it should be the First Battle of Tarain.

• Government Actions:

  • Cybercrime included under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002.
  • Partnership with SUGI instam for online marketplace distribution.

• International Events:

  • 25th International Yoga Day theme: "Yoga for One Earth, One Health."

• People in the News:

  • Khusbu Patnama: Second woman President of the Badminton World Federation.
  • Marconi: Won elections in Canada.
  • Pandit Chaturlal: Tabla player honored by the postal department.

• Technology:

  • Sharbabam AI chosen to develop India's first AI language model.
  • NAB mobile application is associated with a marine census.

• Rankings: India is ranked fifth globally in terms of weaponry.

• Film: The film Saji and Karuna is associated with the Malayalam film industry.* State-Specific Current Affairs:

  • Daily 15-20 minute classes in May, each covering one Indian state.
  • Topics: Location of fairs and dances, largest and smallest districts, etc.
  • Classes to begin with Bihar.

• AI Kiran Initiative:

  • Launched by Kirtika Reddy, former MD of Meta India.
  • Aims to empower Indian women through Artificial Intelligence.

• Manipur Political Situation:

  • N. Biren Singh resigned as Chief Minister of Manipur.
  • President's Rule imposed in Manipur.

• Space Technology:

  • China produced oxygen for rocket fuel in space using artificial photosynthesis.

• Defense Sector FDI:

  • Saab (Sudanese company) first to avail 100% FDI in a defense project.

• Military Exercise:

  • Joint military exercise Cyclone-25 conducted between India and Egypt in Rajasthan.

• Historical Release:

  • Indian National Archives released Ramanujan's travelogue (release date: December 22nd/National Mathematics Day).

• Agriculture Initiative:

  • Six-year mission launched to achieve self-sufficiency in Arhar, Urad, and Masoor pulses.

• Global Summit:

  • First Global Justice, Peace, and Love Summit held in Dubai, UAE.

• Military Renaming:

  • Fort William in Kolkata, West Bengal, renamed Vijay Durgan Command by the Indian Army.

• Cultural Event:

  • 38th Surajkund Mela held in Faridabad, Haryana.

• Supreme Court Case: Unopposed Elections

  • A petition challenged the unopposed election of a BJP MP.
  • Argument: Lack of opposition violates Article 19(1)(a) (right to expression) by denying voters NOTA.
  • Suggestion: Minimum vote share requirement for unopposed candidates.

• Supreme Court Ruling: Unopposed Elections

  • Supreme Court suggested a minimum vote requirement for unopposed election wins.
  • Challenging constitutionality of Section 53(2) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

• Petitioner's Argument:

  • Article 19(1)(a) should allow NOTA even without other candidates.
  • A minimum vote percentage should be required for unopposed wins.

• Concerns:

  • Unopposed elections might not truly reflect the will of the people.
  • Aims to ensure a minimum level of public support even without competition.* Axiom Space:
  • AX-4 mission will include Group Captain Subhanshu Shukla to the ISS.
  • Tejpal Bhatia appointed CEO.

• Union Budget 2025-26:

  • Investment limits: Micro (₹2.5 crore), Small (₹25 crore), Medium (₹125 crore).

• Military Exercise:

  • "Ekuverin" exercise between India and Maldives.

• Education:

  • India's first AI university to be established in Maharashtra.

• Agriculture:

  • Makhana Board established in Bihar by Nirmala Sitharaman.

• Supreme Court & Elections:

  • Suggestion for minimum votes in unopposed elections challenges Section 53(2) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

• Appointments:

  • Sanjay Malhotra: 26th Governor of RBI.
  • Tejpal Bhatia: CEO of Axiom Space.

• Government Initiatives:

  • RBI: PRABHA portal mandatory for regulatory institutions.
  • India: 17th WADA-accredited Athlete Passport Management Unit.
  • Amit Shah: Addressed CRPF Day parade in Neemuch.
  • CBI: Launched "Bharat Pol" portal.
  • SEBI: Launched "Saarthi" app.
  • SBI: Launched "Yo" app.
  • Nirmala Sitharaman: Launched Makhana Board in Bihar.

• Publications:

  • "The Chief Minister and the Spy" by Amarjit Singh (about Omar Abdullah's father).

• Sports:

  • R Praggnanandhaa won Tata Steel Masters 2025.

• RBI:

  • Founded by Young Hilton Committee (Royal Commission) on April 1, 1935.
  • Nationalized January 1, 1949.
  • HQ initially Kolkata, moved to Mumbai.
  • First Governor: Osborne Smith. First Indian Governor: C.D. Deshmukh. Current Governor: Sanjay Malhotra.

• Portals/Apps:

  • RBI: PRABHA portal (mandatory use for regulatory institutions).
  • CBI: BharatPol portal.
  • SEBI: Saarthi app.
  • SBI: YO app.

• Achievements & Events:

  • India established 17th WADA-accredited Athlete Passport Management Unit.
  • Amit Shah addressed CRPF Day parade.
  • Amarjeet Singh authored "The Chief Minister and the Spy."
  • R. Praggnanandhaa won Tata Steel Masters 2025.

• WAVES Summit:

  • Inaugurated May 1st in Mumbai.
  • Theme: "Kala se Code" (Art to Code).

• UNESCO:

  • Bhagavad Gita and Natyashastra added to World Memory Register.

• Cricket:

  • Indian U-19 women's team won World Cup, defeating Africa.

• Grammy Award:

  • Chandrika Thandan won for "Triveni" (Chant Album).

• Artificial Sun:

  • China developed EAST.

• PRABHA Portal (RBI):

  • Mandatory for regulatory institutions from May 1, 2025.
  • Aims to increase transparency.* World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit (WAVES) 2025:
  • Inaugurated May 1st in Mumbai, Maharashtra by Prime Minister Modi.
  • Theme: World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit.

• Bharat Pavilion at WAVES:

  • Theme: Kala se Code (From Art to Code).

• UNESCO World Memory Register:

  • Bhagavad Gita and Natyashastra added to the register.

• Under-19 Women's Cricket World Cup:

  • Indian women's cricket team won, defeating Africa.

• Grammy Award:

  • Chandrika Thandan won a Grammy in the Chant Album category for Triveni.

• Artificial Sun (EAST):

  • China created the artificial sun, known as EAST.

• CBI:

  • Motto: Integrity, Impartiality, Industry.
  • Source of Power: Delhi Special Police Act.
  • Operation Hawk: Dismantled a network involved in blackmailing underage girls using explicit photos and videos.

• International Operations:

  • Operation Brahma: Deployed in Myanmar following an earthquake.
  • Operation Ajay: Deployed in Israel.

• India Specific Current Affairs:

  • Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Day: Declared on April 14th by New York, USA.
  • Budget 2025-26:
    • Fiscal Deficit: Projected at 4.4% of GDP.
    • Tax-Free Income: Increased to ₹12 lakh.
  • India Justice Report 2025: Karnataka ranked top.

• 2028 Olympics:

  • Cricket (T20 format) will be included in the 2028 Olympics in Los Angeles (34th Olympiad).

• Asian Games 2026:

  • Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) will debut as a medal sport at the 2026 Asian Games in Aichi and Nagoya.

• First ATM on Panchavati Express:

  • Bank of Maharashtra launched India's first ATM on the Panchavati Express train.

• Axiome Mission 4:

  • Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla will be an Indian astronaut on the Axiome Mission 4 to the International Space Station.

• Colonel C.K. Naidu Lifetime Achievement Award:

  • Sachin Tendulkar received the Colonel C.K. Naidu Lifetime Achievement Award.

• Kurien Joseph Committee:

  • The Tamil Nadu government formed the Kurien Joseph Committee to review Centre-State relations.* 2026 Asian Games:
  • To be held in Aichi and Nagoya, Japan.
  • Cricket will continue to be included.
  • Mixed martial arts (MMA) will be included for the first time.

• 2028 Olympics:

  • To be held in Los Angeles.
  • T20 cricket will be included for the first time.

• 19th Asian Games (2022):

  • Held in Hangzhou, China.
  • India won 107 medals and ranked 4th.

• 20th Asian Games (2026):

  • To be held in Aichi and Nagoya, Japan.
  • Cricket will continue to be included.
  • Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) will be included for the first time.

• 1982 Asian Games:

  • Ninth Asian Games.
  • Held in Delhi, India.
  • Appu the elephant was the first mascot.
  • Japan won first place.

• First Asian Games (1951):

  • Held in New Delhi, India.
  • 45 countries participated.

• UAE assumes Interpol Governance Committee Presidency: The UAE has assumed the presidency of Interpol's governance committee.

• India's Economic Survey 2024-25 GDP Growth Projection: The Economic Survey projects a real GDP growth rate of 6.4% for fiscal year 2025.

• Mount Taranaki Granted Legal Rights: Mount Taranaki, in New Zealand, has recently been granted legal rights.

• Appointment of 23rd Law Commission Chairperson: Dinesh Maheshwari has been appointed as the chairperson of the 23rd Indian Law Commission.

• 20th Asian Games: Breakdancing was included in the 20th Asian Games for the first time.

• Indian Prime Minister's Tribute: Prime Minister Modi paid tribute to Jagatguru Basaveshwara on his Basanta Jayanti (April 30th). Basaveshwara was an important saint of the Lingayat sect in Karnataka.

• Buddhist Teachings:

  • First sermon given in Sarnath.
  • Most sermons given in Shravasti.
  • Mahaparinirvana refers to the attainment of Nirvana (in Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh).
  • Mahabinishkramana refers to leaving home (from Kapilvastu).

• 2025 UN Vesak Day Celebrations: The 2025 UN Vesak Day celebrations will be held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Relics from Sarnath will be exhibited there.

• India's Contribution to Vesak Day: India will send Buddhist relics from Sarnath to Vietnam for the UN Vesak Day celebrations.

• Vietnam Information:

  • Capital: Hanoi
  • Currency: Dong* Kesari Film and Sir Shankaran Nair: Film Kesari depicts Sir Shankaran Nair's advocacy against the British in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre case of 1919.

• UN Vesak Day 2025:

  • Celebrated globally during the May full moon (Vesakha Purnima, Buddha Purnima).
  • Commemorates birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha.
  • 2025 ceremony: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
  • India will display sacred Buddha relics from Sarnath for the first time.

• US Trade Concerns: India is on the US's Priority Watch List due to intellectual property rights violations. US may impose high tariffs if issues aren't addressed.

• Intellectual Property Days:

  • World Intellectual Property Day: April 26th.
  • World Book and Copyright Day: April 23rd.

• India's Recent Actions:

  • Operation Brahma: Aid to earthquake-affected Myanmar.

• Indian Judiciary: Justice V R Govind will be India's 52nd Chief Justice.

• New Pilot Training Institute: South East Asia's largest pilot training institute: Amravati, Maharashtra.

• US Special 301 Report and India:

  • Cites concerns about IPR violations in India (unauthorized copying of American goods/services).
  • India on Priority Watch List.
  • Threat of high tariffs if IPR protection doesn't improve.

• Countries on the Priority Watch List: Russia, China, India.

• Intellectual Property Rights Violations: Related to copyrights, trademarks, and patents of US products in India.

• Cheetah Relocation: Cheetahs to be relocated from Kuno National Park to Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary (Madhya Pradesh).

• India-Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise: Dustlik-VI in Pune.

• US Special 301 Report:

  • Released, focusing on IPR.
  • Claims insufficient IPR protection in several countries, including India, China, and Russia.
  • Infringement on US trademarks, copyrights, and patents alleged.
  • India on Priority Watch List.

• Amazon's Kuiper Project: Aims to provide global internet access via satellites (over 6000). Owner: Jeff Bezos. Related company: Blue Origin.

• BIMSTEC Summit: 6th summit hosted by Thailand. 7th summit will be hosted by Bangladesh (Dhaka).

• Bhoomi Bharti Portal: Launched by Telangana (formerly Dharani portal) to ensure land security and transparency.* Amazon's Project Kuiper:

  • Launched the first batch of 27 satellites for broadband internet access.
  • Aims to deploy over 3000 satellites for broadband connectivity, including rural areas.
  • Launch from Florida, USA, using an Atlas V rocket.

• SpaceX's Starlink:

  • Aims to improve global internet access via a satellite network (over 6000 satellites).

• BIMSTEC Summit:

  • The 6th BIMSTEC summit was hosted by Thailand.
  • The 7th summit will be hosted by Bangladesh in Dhaka.

• Bhoomi Bharti Portal:

  • Telangana government launched it to ensure land security and transparency.
  • Previously known as the Dharani portal.

• Intellectual Property Rights:

  • The US Special 301 Report 2025 kept India on the Priority Watch List regarding intellectual property rights protection.

• Buddha Relics Exhibition:

  • Vietnam will display sacred Buddha relics from Sarnath during the UN Vesak Day celebrations.

• Asian Games 2026:

  • Mixed martial arts included for the first time.

• Operation Hawk:

  • CBI dismantled an international online child sexual exploitation network.

• Prime Minister Modi's Event:

  • Will inaugurate a web summit in Mumbai.

• RBI's Prabha Portal:

  • Made mandatory for all stakeholders from May 1st.

• Axiom Space CEO:

  • Tejpal Bhatia appointed as CEO.

• Supreme Court Suggestion:

  • Suggested minimum votes required for unopposed election wins.

• AI Kiran Initiative:

  • Launched to empower Indian women in artificial intelligence.

• Book Launch:

  • The Indian National Archivist released a book on the journey of Ramanujan.

• Government Spending:

  • Highest spending: Defense
  • Second highest spending: Rural Development
  • Third highest spending: Home Ministry
  • Fourth highest spending: Agriculture

• Government Revenue:

  • Largest source: Loans (24%)
  • Second largest source: Income Tax (22%)
  • Third largest source: GST (18%)
  • States' share of taxes and duties: 22%
  • Interest payments: 20%

• Fiscal Deficit (2024-2026):

  • 2024-2025: 4.8%
  • 2025-2026: 4.4%

• Tax Changes:

  • Tax removed on 36 life-saving drugs.
  • New income tax regime introduced (replacing the 1961 bill).
  • Revised tax slabs:
    • ₹0 - ₹4 lakh: 0% tax
    • ₹4 lakh - ₹8 lakh: 5% tax
    • ₹8 lakh - ₹12 lakh: 10% tax
    • ₹12 lakh - ₹16 lakh: 15% tax
    • ₹16 lakh - ₹20 lakh: 20% tax
    • ₹20 lakh - ₹24 lakh: 25% tax
    • Above ₹24 lakh: 30% tax
    • Income up to ₹12 lakh tax-free.

• Government Revenue Sources:

  • Borrowings: 24%
  • Corporation Tax: 17%
  • Income Tax: 22%
  • GST: 18%

• Government Expenditure:

  • Highest allocation: Taxes and duties to states (22%)
  • Second highest: Interest payments (20%)

• Insurance Sector Reforms:

  • FDI limit increased from 74% to 100%.- Jal Jeevan Mission Extension: Extended until 2028.

• Ocean Development Fund: New fund creation with 49% government contribution.

• Udan Yojana Expansion: 120 new flight destinations in 10 years.

• Bihar Infrastructure Projects: New greenfield airport & West Kosi Canal.

• Gyan Bharat Mission: Preservation of 1 crore+ hand-written manuscripts.

• Export Promotion: "Bharat Trade Net" platform for supply chain improvement.

• Insurance Sector FDI Increase: FDI limit raised from 74% to 100%.

• Fiscal Deficit Projections: 4.8% of GDP in 2024-25, 4.4% in 2025-26.

• Tax Relief on Life-Saving Drugs: Taxes removed on 36 drugs (rare diseases, cancer).

• Atal Tinkering Labs: 500 labs in government schools (5 years).

• Indian Language Book Scheme: Translation and online availability of books.

• National Skill Excellence Centers: 5 centers for "Make for India/World".

• Education Initiatives: ₹500 crore for education excellence centers.

• Cancer Care: Day-care cancer hospital in every district hospital (3 years).

• MSME Definition Changes:

  Category	Investment (₹ Crores)	Turnover (₹ Crores)
  Micro	2.5	10
  Small	25	100
  Medium	125	500

• Credit Card for Micro Industries: ₹5 lakh credit card via Udyam portal.

• National Manufacturing Mission: Boost manufacturing (footwear, toys, food processing).

• Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Limit Increase: Increased from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh.

• Urea Plant in Assam: 12.7 lakh metric tons capacity in Namrup.

• Agricultural Initiatives:

  • Pradhan Mantri Dhan Dhaanay Krishi Yojana: 100 districts, 1.7 crore farmers.
  • Self-Reliance Mission for Pulses: 6-year mission (Tur, Urad, Masoor).
  • Missions for vegetables, fruits, and millets (Shree Anna).
  • Makhana Board in Bihar.
  • National High-Yield Seed Mission.
  • Cotton Production Mission: 5-year mission.- Vision for Developed India:
  • Poverty eradication.
  • 100% school education.
  • Affordable and accessible healthcare.
  • 100% skilled workforce.
  • 70% female participation in economic activities.
  • Establishing India as the "Food Basket of the World".

• Budget 2025-26: Four Engines of Growth:

  • Fuel: Reforms in agriculture, MSMEs, investment, and exports.
  • Guidance: Inclusiveness.
  • Destination: Developed India.

• Agricultural Initiatives:

  • Pradhan Mantri DhanDhanaya Krishi Yojana: Aims to increase agricultural productivity; launched in 100 districts; expected to benefit 1.7 crore farmers.
  • Pulse Self-Reliance Mission: A 6-year mission focusing on tur, urad, and masoor lentils.
  • Missions for vegetables, fruits, and millets (Shree Anna) also launched. 2023 declared as the year of millets.
  • Establishment of a Makhana board in Bihar.
  • National High-Yield Seed Mission.
  • Cotton Production Mission: 5-year mission to improve cotton quality and boost the textile industry.

• Budget 2025-26: Presented by Nirmala Sitharaman for the eighth time. Morarji Desai presented the budget 10 times. The budget was presented on February 1st.