Five-Year Plans in India

First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956)

• Period: April 1, 1951 – 1956.
• Model: Harrod-Domar model.
• Drafted by: K.N. Raj.
• Focus: Agriculture.
• Growth Target: 2.1%; Achieved Growth: 3.6%.

Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961)

• Model: Mahalanobis model.
• Focus: Heavy Industries.
• Key Establishments: Iron and Steel Plants in Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), Rourkela (Odisha), and Durgapur (West Bengal).
• Growth Target: 4.5%; Achieved Growth: 4.27%.

Third Five-Year Plan (1961-1966)

• Model: Sukhamoy Chakravarty model.
• Focus: Both Agriculture and Industry.
• Challenges: India-China War (1962), India-Pakistan War (1965).
• Outcome: Unsuccessful in achieving targets.
• Key Slogan: "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" (by Lal Bahadur Shastri).
• Key Establishment: Food Corporation of India (1965).

Plan Holiday (1966-1969)

• Duration: 3 years (1966-1967, 1967-1968, 1968-1969).
• Reason: Poor economic conditions.
• Initiatives: One-year plans.
• Key Development: Launch of Green Revolution for food grain self-sufficiency.

Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974)

• Model: Ashok Rudra model; Draft prepared by D.R. Gadgil.
• Objective: Economic development with stability and self-reliance.
• Growth Target: 5.5-5.7%; Achieved Growth: 3.3%.
• Key Events:
  • India-Pakistan War (1971).
  • First Nuclear Test: "Operation Smiling Buddha" in Pokhran, Gujarat (1974).
  • Nationalization of 14 banks (1969).

Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1978)

• Duration: 4 years (ended before its scheduled 5-year term).
• Model: D.P. Dhar model.
• Main Objective: Poverty eradication (Garibi Unmoolan).
• Growth Target: 4.4%; Achieved Growth: 4.8%.

Rolling Plan (1978-1980)

• Duration: 2 years.
• Introduced by: Janata Party government (Prime Minister Morarji Desai).
• Originator (Global): Dr. Gunnar Myrdal (from his book "Asian Drama").
• Implemented in India by: D.T. Lakdawala.

Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-1985)

• Model: Input-Output Model.
• Objectives: Employment generation and poverty eradication.
• Key Events:
  • Establishment of NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) in 1982.
  • Nationalization of 6 more banks (1980).
  • Death of Indira Gandhi (1984).
  • Operation Blue Star and Operation Meghdoot (securing Siachen Glacier) in 1984.

Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-1990)

• Objective: Social justice with modernization.
• Slogan: "Roti, Rozgar aur Utpadakta" (Bread, Employment, and Productivity) or "Bhojan, Kaam aur Utpadakta" (Food, Work, and Productivity).
• Growth Target: 5%; Achieved Growth: 6%.
• Key Establishment: SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) in 1988.

Annual Plans / Plan Holiday (1990-1992)

• Duration: 2 years.
• Reason: Economic crisis, shortage of foreign exchange reserves.
• Key Reform: Introduction of New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1991.
• NEP Components: LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization) under PM P.V. Narasimha Rao and FM Dr. Manmohan Singh.

Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992-1997)

• Model: John W. Miller Model.
• Main Objective: Human Resource Development.
• Context: Human Development Index (HDI) introduced globally by Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen (1990-91).
• Key Events:
  • 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992) for Panchayati Raj and Urban Local Bodies.
  • Establishment of WTO (World Trade Organization) on January 1, 1995.

Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002)

• Objective: Economic growth with social justice and equality.
• Key Initiative: Launch of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (December 25, 2000).
• Event: Kargil War (1999).

Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007)

• Model: Input-Output Model.
• Objective: Social justice and equality.
• Achieved Growth: 7.6% (Highest among plans till then).
• Key Initiative: NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) 2005, implemented February 2, 2006.

Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-2012)

• Objective: Rapid and Inclusive Development.
• Achieved Growth: 8% (Highest ever recorded GDP growth rate for India).
• Key Initiative: Right to Education Act (2009), implemented April 1, 2010.

Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012-2017)

• Objective: Rapid, Sustainable, and Inclusive Development.
• Status: Final Five-Year Plan.
• Achieved Growth: 6.7% to 6.9%.
• Specific Targets:
  • Agricultural growth: 4%.
  • Total Fertility Rate (Replacement Rate): 2.1%.

Modi Cabinet 3.0 Ministers (as of lecture date)

• Narendra Modi: Prime Minister; Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions; Department of Atomic Energy; Department of Space.
• Rajnath Singh: Minister of Defence.
• Amit Shah: Minister of Home Affairs.
• Nitin Gadkari: Minister of Road Transport and Highways.
• J.P. Nadda: Minister of Health.
• Shivraj Singh Chouhan: Minister of Agriculture.
• Nirmala Sitharaman: Minister of Finance.
• S. Jaishankar: Minister of External Affairs.
• Manohar Lal Khattar: Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs; Minister of Power.
• H.D. Kumaraswamy: Minister of Heavy Industries; Minister of Steel.
• Piyush Goyal: Minister of Commerce and Industry.
• Dharmendra Pradhan: Minister of Education.
• Jitan Ram Manjhi: Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME).
• Lalan Singh: Minister of Panchayati Raj; Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
• Sarbananda Sonowal: Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.
• Virendra Kumar: Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment.
• Ram Mohan Naidu: Minister of Civil Aviation (Youngest Minister).
• Prahlad Joshi: Minister of Consumer Affairs.
• Jual Oram: Minister of Tribal Affairs.
• Giriraj Singh: Minister of Textiles.
• Ashwini Vaishnaw: Minister of Railways; Minister of Information and Broadcasting.
• Jyotiraditya Scindia: Minister of Telecommunications; Minister for Development of North Eastern Region.
• Bhupender Yadav: Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
• Gajendra Singh Shekhawat: Minister of Culture; Minister of Tourism.
• Annapurna Devi: Minister of Women and Child Development.
• Kiren Rijiju: Minister of Minority Affairs; Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.
• Hardeep Singh Puri: Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
• Mansukh Mandaviya: Minister of Labour and Employment; Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports.
• G. Kishan Reddy: Minister of Coal; Minister of Mines.
• Chirag Paswan: Minister of Food Processing Industries.
• C.R. Paatil: Minister of Jal Shakti.

Daily Current Affairs

International Relations & Governance

• New Caledonia: Signed an agreement with France to become a new state within the French Republic. New Caledonia is located in the South Pacific near Australia; France had established control in 1853.
• ICC (International Criminal Court) Arrest Warrants: Issued against Taliban leaders in Afghanistan for alleged gender and political persecution. ICC headquarters is in The Hague, Netherlands. Taliban has rejected the ICC's authority. Russia was the first country to recognize the Taliban government.
• Rajya Sabha Nominations: President Droupadi Murmu nominated four individuals to the Rajya Sabha (upper house of Indian Parliament):
  • Advocate Ujjwal Devram Nikam
  • C. Sadananda Master (social worker)
  • Harsh Vardhan Shringla (former Foreign Secretary)
  • Dr. Meenakshi (historian and educationist)
  • These nominations are for a six-year term, based on their contributions in literature, science, arts, or social service (Article 80 of the Constitution). Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of Rajya Sabha seats (31).
• Indian & Greek Navies: Conducted the PASSEX exercise off the Mumbai coast to enhance maritime relations.

Sports

• Wimbledon 2025:
  • Women's Singles Winner: Iga Swiatek (Poland), who defeated Amanda Anisimova (USA) 6-0, 6-0 in 57 minutes. This is Swiatek's first Wimbledon title and sixth Grand Slam.
  • Men's Singles Winner: Jannik Sinner (Italy), who defeated Carlos Alcaraz (Spain). This is Italy's first Wimbledon title in 148 years of the tournament's history.
  • Wimbledon is played on grass courts and began in 1877, making it the oldest Grand Slam.
• 87th Chess Grandmaster of India: Harikrishnan (from Tamil Nadu). The first Grandmaster was Viswanathan Anand.
• ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2026: To be co-hosted by India and Sri Lanka. Italy has qualified for the tournament for the first time, along with the Netherlands.
• National Record in Athletics: Animesh Kujur (Chhattisgarh) set a new national record in the 100-meter race, completing it in 10.18 seconds at the Dromia International Sprint Championship in Greece.

Heritage & Culture

• 44th UNESCO World Heritage Site in India: The Maratha Military Landscapes have been added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.
  • The site comprises 12 forts: 11 in Maharashtra and 1 in Tamil Nadu (Gingee Fort/Jinji Fort).
  • The decision was made during the 47th meeting of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in Paris, France.
  • India now has 44 UNESCO World Heritage Sites (36 cultural, 7 natural, 1 mixed), placing it 6th globally; Italy has the most (60).
  • Recent additions: 43rd: Moaidam (Assam), 42nd: Hoysaleswara Temples (Karnataka), 41st: Santiniketan (West Bengal), 40th: Dholavira (Gujarat).
• First Global Manuscript Heritage Conference: Organized by the Ministry of Culture, held at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi (September 11-13). The conference aims to preserve handwritten manuscripts. The date September 11 commemorates Swami Vivekananda's speech at the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893.

Awards & Recognition

• UN Population Award 2025: Awarded to Varsha Deshpande from Maharashtra. The award was presented on July 11 (World Population Day) in New York, recognizing her work on gender equality and efforts to prevent sex-selective abortions. The award was established in 1983.

Important Days

• International Day of Hope: Celebrated for the first time on July 12, 2025.
  • Theme: "A Public Necessity in Uncertain Times."
  • July 12 also marks Malala Day.