• January 1-7 Current Affairs Review:

  • A review of current events from January 1st to 7th was conducted. This was presented as a revision session, not a comprehensive teaching session.

• New AI Model:

  • India launched its first indigenous AI-based multi-modal large language model, "Bharat."

• Government Portal:

  • The Ministry of Minority Affairs launched a central portal for real-time monitoring of Waqf properties.

• National e-Governance Award:

  • Rohini Gram Panchayat in Maharashtra received a gold award in the Gram Panchayat Digital Governance category at the 25th National e-Governance Awards.

• World Food Security Day:

  • World Food Security Day is observed on June 7th.

• Anderson Tendulkar Trophy:

  • The recently discussed Test series, Anderson Tendulkar Trophy, relates to India and England.

• Vande Ganga Jal Conservation Campaign:

  • The Vande Ganga Jal conservation campaign was launched in Rajasthan.

• Swachh Paudha Programme:

  • The central government launched the Swachh Paudha programme in Pune, focusing on various fruits and dry fruits.

• Sports:

  • The ICC Women's Cricket World Cup 2025 will be hosted by India.

• Health:

  • Type 5 diabetes has been officially recognized as a distinct type, linked to malnutrition.

• Environment:

  • Khichan and Manasar in Rajasthan have been added to the National Ramsar site list, bringing the total in India to 91 (including four in Rajasthan: Sambhar, Keoladeo, Khichan, and Manasar).

• Politics:

  • Five languages have been designated as official languages in Ladakh via an ordinance.
  • The President of the United States has banned entry to the country from twelve unspecified nations.
  • Himachal Pradesh launched the Rajiv Gandhi Van Samvardhan Yojana and Hariti God Lena schemes.

• Science & Technology:

  • IISc Bangalore developed a nanozyme to address blood clot issues.
  • A new frog species, Shillong Cascade Frog, was discovered in Meghalaya by the Zoological Survey of India.

• Economy:

  • S. Mahendra Dev was appointed as the chairman of the Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council.
  • Flipkart became the first e-commerce company to receive a non-banking financial company (NBFC) license from the RBI.
  • Bangladesh removed its founding father's image from its currency notes and abolished his title.

• India-Norway Agreement:

  • GRSE (Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers) partnered with Norway to develop India's first indigenous polar research vessel.

• World Environment Day:

  • Celebrated annually on June 5th.

• South Korea's President:

  • Lee Jae-myung inaugurated as President.

• International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) President:

  • India elected as President; IIAS headquarters located in Brussels.

• Indian Premier League (IPL) 2023 Winner:

  • Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) defeated Punjab.

• 11th BRICS Parliamentary Forum:

  • Held in Brazil.

• ISRO Agreement:

  • Andhra Pradesh signed a 5-year agreement with ISRO's Satish Dhawan Space Centre for its 'Aware' platform.

• New Director General of Defence Estates:

  • Shailendra Nath Gupta appointed.

• C-Kars 2.0 Portal:

  • Related to coal.

• UN Membership:

  • India elected as a member of the UN's Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) from 2026-2028.

• World's Highest Rail Arch Bridge:

  • Located over the Chenab River, connecting the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla railway link.* Appointments and Elections:
    • Annalena Baerbock appointed President of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly. She is from Germany.
    • Shailendra Nath Gupta appointed as the new Director General of Defence Estates.
    • Luís Montenegro was elected Prime Minister of Portugal.
    • Karol Nowak won the Polish presidential election.
    • Germany became the world's largest creditor.
    • Dinesh Singh Rana assumed the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Andaman and Nicobar Command.

• International Events and Agreements:

  • Tiger Corridor Kumra Bheem Conservation Reserve is related to Telangana and Maharashtra.
  • India signed an agreement with Norway to develop the first indigenous polar research vessel.
  • India was chosen as a member of the UN body (ECOSOC) for 2026-28.
  • 11th BRICS Parliamentary Forum held in Brazil.
  • Andhra Pradesh signed a 5-year agreement with ISRO's Satish Dhawan Space Centre for its Aware platform.
  • The International Glacier Conservation Conference was held in Dushame.
  • Uttar Pradesh signed an agreement with Australia's Monash University to improve education standards.
  • The European Union Naval Force conducted a tabletop exercise in Mumbai.

• Domestic Events:

  • Indian Army reopened Firozpur Fort to the public after two centuries (located in Punjab).
  • Kheer Bhawani Mela held in Jammu and Kashmir.
  • Sindhu Smarak Park established in Kachchh.
  • Goa became the second state to achieve functional literacy (Mizoram being the first).

• Conflicts and Security:

  • Ukraine launched "Operation Spider Web," a drone attack on Russia.
  • Operation Shield: Civil defense mock drill conducted in western border states.

• Environmental Events:

  • Mount Etna volcano erupted in Italy.

• Sports:

  • Rohit Sharma became the first Indian batsman to score 300 runs in an IPL match.
  • The Indian team won 24 medals at the Asian Athletics Championships.
  • Grant Maxwell retired from World Cricket; he is Australian.

• Obituaries:

  • Valmiki Thapar, a tiger conservationist, passed away.

• Awards and Recognition:

  • Opal Sultana won the Miss World 2024 title; Nandini Gupta represented India and reached the Top 20.
  • Indira Gandhi Airport ranked highly in ACI Asia-Pacific and Middle East 2024 Air Connectivity Ranking.

• Government Initiatives:

  • The minimum age for purchasing tobacco was raised to 21 in Karnataka under the COTPA Amendment Act 2024.
  • "Dhruva Policy" launched by the Department of Post.
  • Battery-based project launched in Delhi by the central government.

• Important Days:

  • World Tobacco Day celebrated on May 31st.
  • World Milk Day celebrated on June 1st.

• Book:

  • "Sangati" by Nitin Gadkari is a book about RSS.

• Constitutional Amendments and Articles:

  • 44th Constitutional Amendment: Removed property rights from fundamental rights, making them legal rights. Article 300 details property rights.
  • 73rd Constitutional Amendment: Related to Panchayati Raj. Articles 243-243O relate to this amendment.
  • 69th Constitutional Amendment: Related to Delhi. Article 239A mentions Delhi.
  • 101st Constitutional Amendment: Introduced GST (tax on the concurrent list). Article 246A mentions GST.
  • Article 263: Mentions the Inter-State Council, headed by the Prime Minister.
  • Article 266: Mentions the Consolidated Fund.
  • Article 267: Mentions the Contingency Fund, used during natural calamities; under the President's control.
  • Article 280: Mentions the Finance Commission; 15th Finance Commission headed by N.K. Singh.
  • Article 315: Mentions the UPSC.
  • Article 324: Mentions the Election Commission.
  • Article 338: Mentions the National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
  • 89th Constitutional Amendment: Created the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (Article 338A).
  • Article 343: Mentions Hindi as the official language.
  • Article 352: Mentions National Emergency.
  • Article 356: Mentions the imposition of President's Rule.
  • Article 360: Mentions Financial Emergency.
  • Article 368: Mentions Constitutional Amendments (Part 20).
  • Article 370: Mentions Jammu and Kashmir (partially revoked).
  • Article 153: Mentions the Governor of a state. The Governor has the power of pardon, but cannot pardon death sentences or martial law (Article 161).
  • Article 76: Mentions the Attorney General at the center. Article 165 mentions the Advocate General in the state.
  • Article 123: Mentions the power of ordinances at the central level. Article 213 mentions this power at the state level.
  • Article 124: Details about Supreme Court judges, their term, appointment, oath, and removal. The Supreme Court is a court of record (Article 139). The President can consult with the Supreme Court, and the court can offer consultations (Article 143).
  • Article 148: Mentions Giridhar Chandra Murmu.
  • Article 214: Mentions High Courts; High Courts are courts of record (Article 215). High Courts have the power to issue writs (Article 226).- Constitutional Offices and Powers:
  • Article 63: India has a Vice President.
  • Article 64: The Vice President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
  • Article 71: Disputes regarding Presidential and Vice-Presidential elections are settled by the Supreme Court.
  • Article 72: The President has the power of pardon, including for death sentences.
  • Article 76: The Attorney General is the highest legal officer of the Indian government; R. Venkatramani is the current Attorney General.
  • Article 148: Details regarding the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG); Girish Chandra Murmu is mentioned.
  • Article 153: Each state has a Governor.
  • Article 161: State Governors have the power of pardon, but not for death sentences or martial law.
  • Article 165: Advocate General in states.

• Legislative Processes and Finance:

  • Article 108: Joint sitting of Parliament (only three instances so far).
  • Article 110: Defines Money Bills.
  • Article 112: Details annual financial statements (budget).
  • Article 123: Presidential Ordinances.
  • Article 213: Governor's Ordinances.
  • Article 266: Consolidated Fund of India.
  • Article 267: Contingency Fund of India.
  • Article 280: Mentions the Finance Commission.

• Judiciary:

  • Article 124: Details about Supreme Court judges: number, tenure, appointment, oath, and removal process. The Supreme Court is a court of record (Article 139).
  • Article 143: The President can consult the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court can advise the President.
  • Article 214: High Courts.
  • Article 215: High Courts are courts of record.
  • Article 226: High Courts' power to issue writs.

• Other Constitutional Provisions:

  • Article 239A: Concerns Delhi.
  • Article 243O: Relates to the 73rd Constitutional Amendment (Panchayati Raj).
  • Article 246A: Mentions GST (Goods and Services Tax); 101st Constitutional Amendment. GST is a tax on the concurrent list.
  • Article 263: Inter-State Council; the Prime Minister is its head.

• Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy:

  • Article 25: Freedom to practice any religion.
  • Article 32: Right to Constitutional Remedies (Dr. B.R. Ambedkar termed it the soul of the Constitution). Supreme Court guarantees this right by issuing five types of writs.
  • Article 37: Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are not enforceable in court.
  • Article 38: State to strive for social order promoting welfare of the people.
  • Article 39A: Free legal aid (42nd Constitutional Amendment).
  • Article 40: Organization of village panchayats (42nd Constitutional Amendment).
  • Article 44: Uniform Civil Code.
  • Article 47: Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition.
  • Article 50: Separation of judiciary from the executive.
  • Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security; fundamental duties (42nd Constitutional Amendment, based on Sardar Swaran Singh Committee recommendations).

• President of India:

  • Article 52: India shall have a President.
  • Article 53: Executive power vested in the President.
  • Article 54: Election of the President by an electoral college.
  • Article 55: Manner of election (single transferable vote system).
  • Article 56: Term of office (5 years).
  • Article 60: Oath of office.
  • Article 61: Impeachment of the President.
  • Article 72: Power of pardon vested in the President (including death sentences).

• Vice President of India:

  • Article 63: India shall have a Vice-President.
  • Article 64: Vice-President is ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha.

• Other Constitutional Provisions:

  • Article 71: Disputes regarding Presidential and Vice-Presidential elections are settled by the Supreme Court.
  • Article 76: Attorney General of India.
  • Article 108: Joint sitting of Parliament (only three instances).
  • Article 110: Definition of Money Bill.

• Constitutional Amendments and Schedules:

  • First Constitutional Amendment (1951): Added the Ninth Schedule to the Indian Constitution, relating to land reforms.
  • 52nd Constitutional Amendment: Added the Tenth Schedule, concerning anti-defection laws.
  • 73rd Constitutional Amendment (April 24, 1993): Added the Eleventh Schedule, covering Panchayati Raj and local governance (29 subjects).
  • 74th Constitutional Amendment: Added the Twelfth Schedule, related to municipalities.

• Important Articles of the Indian Constitution:

  • Article 1: Defines the Union and the States.
  • Articles 5-11: Detail citizenship.
  • Article 14: Guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws.
  • Article 17: Abolishes untouchability.
  • Article 18: Abolishes titles.
  • Article 19(1)(a): Guarantees freedom of speech and expression.
  • Article 21: Guarantees the right to life and personal liberty.
  • Article 21A (86th Amendment): Enshrines the right to education as a fundamental right.
  • Article 24: Prohibits the employment of children in hazardous work.
  • Article 25: Guarantees freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion.
  • Article 32: Grants the right to constitutional remedies; considered the "heart and soul" of the Constitution by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
  • Article 37: States that Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are not justiciable.
  • Article 38: Outlines the state's duty to secure a social order promoting welfare.
  • Article 39A: Provides for free legal aid.
  • Article 40: Recommends the organization of village panchayats.
  • Article 44: Advocates for a uniform civil code.
  • Article 47: Directs the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living.
  • Article 50: Calls for the separation of the judiciary from the executive.
  • Article 51: Lists fundamental duties.
  • Article 52: States that India shall have a President.
  • Article 53: Vessts executive power in the President.
  • Article 54: Details the electoral college for presidential elections.
  • Article 55: Specifies the method of election of the President (single transferable vote).
  • Article 56: Specifies the term of office of the President (5 years).
  • Article 60: Deals with the oath of office of the President.
  • Article 61: Provides for the impeachment of the President.

• Indian Constitution Schedules:

Schedule Number	Subject Matter
1	States and Union Territories (28 states, 8 UTs)
2	Salaries, Allowances, and Pensions
3	Oaths and Affirmations
4	Seats in Rajya Sabha
5	Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Administration
6	Tribal Areas Administration (Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram)
7	Distribution of Powers (Union, Concurrent, State Lists)
8	Official Languages (22 languages; initially 14)
9	(Added by the First Constitutional Amendment, 1951; Land Reforms)
10	Anti-Defection (52nd Constitutional Amendment)
11	Panchayats (73rd Constitutional Amendment, 1993, 29 subjects)
12	Municipalities (74th Constitutional Amendment)

• Amendments and Additions to Schedule 8 (Languages):

  • 21st Amendment: Added Sindhi
  • 71st Amendment: Added Nepali, Manipuri, Konkani
  • 92nd Amendment: Added Bodo, Dogri, Santhali, Maithili

• Important Articles of the Indian Constitution:

Article Number	Subject Matter
1	States and Union Territories
5-11	Citizenship
14	Equality before Law
17	Abolition of Untouchability
18	Abolition of Titles
19(1)(a)	Freedom of Speech and Expression
21	Protection of Life and Personal Liberty
21A	Right to Education (86th Amendment)
24	Prohibition of Child Labour

• Indian Constitution Schedules:
  • First Schedule: Lists 28 states and 8 Union Territories in India.
  • Second Schedule: Details salaries, allowances, and pensions.
  • Third Schedule: Contains information related to oaths.
  • Fourth Schedule: Specifies the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
  • Fifth Schedule: Addresses the administration of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes areas.
  • Sixth Schedule: Deals with the tribal administration of Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, and Mizoram.
  • Seventh Schedule: Outlines the distribution of powers between the Union and States (Union List, Concurrent List, State List).
  • Eighth Schedule: Lists 22 languages; initially contained 14 languages, with additions through constitutional amendments (21st Amendment: Sindhi; 71st Amendment: Nepali, Manipuri, Konkani; 92nd Amendment: Bodo, Dogri, Santhali, Maithili).* Recent UN Environment Programme Meeting: The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) recently held a meeting in Kampala, Uganda.

• Capital Cities and Currencies (Africa, Europe, Americas, Asia, Oceania, Middle East): See tables and lists above for detailed information on specific countries and regions.