🌟 **Quick Revision Sheet

🏛️ Renaissance (c. 1350–1600)

= “Rebirth” of Classical Greece & Rome (Art, Thought, Culture)

📍 Origins & Spread

Started in: Italy (Florence, Venice, etc.)
Spread to: Northern Europe (France, England, Low Countries)

🔑 Causes

Fall of Constantinople (1453) ➝ Greek texts & scholars migrate West
Wealthy Italian city-states (banking, trade)
Printing Press (Gutenberg c. 1440)
Decline of Feudalism, Church crises
Humanist rediscovery: classical texts, secular concerns
Patronage (e.g., Medici, Popes)

🌟 Key Ideas

Humanism: Focus on human potential, secularism
Individualism: Celebrating personal achievement
Secularism: Interest in worldly life
Rationalism: Logic, observation, critical thinking
Renaissance Man: Multi-talented individual (e.g., Leonardo da Vinci)

🖼️ Art & Culture

Techniques: Perspective, chiaroscuro, realism
Artists: Michelangelo, Raphael, Botticelli, Donatello
Themes: Religion + mythology + human form

🏛️ Architecture

Return to classical styles: domes, columns
Brunelleschi (Florence Cathedral dome), Palladio

📚 Literature

In vernacular: Petrarch, Boccaccio, Machiavelli (The Prince), Castiglione
North: Erasmus, More (Utopia), Shakespeare

🔬 Science

Observation + experimentation
Copernicus (heliocentric theory), Vesalius (anatomy), Leonardo (sketches)

🔁 Northern Renaissance

Focus on Christian Humanism
Artists: Dürer, Van Eyck, Holbein
Thinkers: Erasmus, Thomas More

📈 Impact

Rise of individualism, secularism, inquiry
Set stage for Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment
Boost to education, vernacular literature
Economic & social transformation (rise of merchant class)

✝️ Reformation (1517–1648)

= Religious movement that split Western Christianity

📍 Start Point

1517: Martin Luther’s 95 Theses (Wittenberg, Germany)

🔑 Causes

Church abuses: Indulgences, simony, nepotism, pluralism
Renaissance humanism: critical thinking, return to scripture
Political: Kings/princes vs. Pope
Economic: Church taxes, land wealth
Printing Press ➝ mass spread of reformist ideas

👥 Key Figures & Branches

Martin Luther (Germany – Lutheranism):
- Sola Scriptura, Sola Fide, Sola Gratia, universal priesthood
John Calvin (Geneva – Calvinism):
- Predestination, strict moral order
Zwingli (Zurich): Radical reforms, Eucharist debate
Anabaptists: Adult baptism, pacifism
Henry VIII (England – Anglicanism):
- Broke from Rome ➝ Act of Supremacy (1534)

📖 Core Beliefs

Sola Scriptura – Bible = only authority
Sola Fide – Faith alone saves
Sola Gratia – Grace alone, not works
Priesthood of All Believers – No need for clergy mediation

🛡️ Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reform)

Council of Trent (1545–63): Reaffirmed Catholic doctrine, reformed clergy
Jesuits (Ignatius Loyola): Education, missions
Inquisition, Index of Prohibited Books
Revival of Catholic spirituality & Baroque art

⚔️ Consequences

End of Catholic unity in Europe
Wars: French Wars of Religion, Thirty Years' War
Rise of nation-states, monarchs gain church power
Boost to literacy, Bible in vernacular
Long-term: Religious pluralism, freedom of conscience

🇺🇸 American Revolution

📌 Causes of the American Revolution

Class tensions: Elites vs. British aristocracy = resentment.
Colonial identity: Strong local ties → pushback against distant rule.
Population boom: More people, more demand for autonomy.

💰 Economic:

"No taxation without representation": Stamp Act, Tea Act, etc.
Mercantilism: Navigation Acts = profit loss.
War debt: Colonists unfairly taxed post-French & Indian War.

🏛 Political:

Tradition of self-rule: Town meetings, colonial assemblies.
End of Salutary Neglect: Brits tighten control → backlash.
Centralized power: Intolerable Acts = fear of tyranny.

💡 Ideological:

Enlightenment: Locke (natural rights), Montesquieu (separation of powers).
Republicanism: Representation > monarchy.
Common Sense (Paine): Firestarter for independence.
Religion: Protestant individualism = resistance.

📅 Key Events Before War

Event	Significance
French & Indian War	Debt = taxes; colonists gain confidence.
Proclamation of 1763	Limits westward expansion → anger.
Sugar & Currency Acts (1764)	Economic pain, no representation.
Stamp Act (1765)	First direct tax → mass protest.
Quartering Act (1765)	Forced housing of troops = invasion.
Townshend Acts (1767)	Boycotts, protests rise.
Boston Massacre (1770)	Propaganda inflames sentiment.
Tea Act (1773)	Trigger for Boston Tea Party.
Intolerable Acts (1774)	United the colonies in anger.
1st Continental Congress	Boycotts, Declaration of Rights.
Lexington & Concord (1775)	🔫 War begins.

📜 Pivotal Documents & Turning Points

Common Sense (1776): Massively persuasive for independence.
Declaration of Independence (1776): Enlightenment + Grievances = Justified Revolution.
Olive Branch Petition (1775): Last peace effort—rejected.
Articles of Confederation: Weak central gov.
U.S. Constitution (1789): Stronger gov, checks & balances.
Bill of Rights: Civil liberties guaranteed.

⚔ Revolutionary War Snapshot

🟦 British Strengths:

Bigger army/navy, $, Loyalist & Native allies.

🟥 American Strengths:

Home advantage, George Washington, foreign allies (France), fighting for freedom.

⭐ Turning Points:

Trenton & Princeton (1776-77): Boosted morale.
Saratoga (1777): France joins the war.
Yorktown (1781): Final blow to Britain.

🧠 Enlightenment Influence

Idea	Thinker	Impact
Natural Rights	John Locke	Life, liberty, property.
Social Contract	Locke	Right to overthrow tyrants.
Separation of Powers	Montesquieu	3 branches in Constitution.
Republicanism	-	Elect reps, civic virtue.

🗺 Consequences

Treaty of Paris (1783): U.S. recognized; new borders.
Slavery persists: North ends it gradually, South entrenched.
Limited Suffrage: White male landowners only.
Native Americans: Lost land, faced violence.
New Governments: States draft constitutions.
Economic changes: Trade disruption, local manufacturing up.

🧍 Key Figures

Person	Role
George Washington	Military leader, unifier.
Thomas Jefferson	Main author, Declaration.
Samuel Adams	Organizer of resistance.
Thomas Paine	Common Sense = mass influence.

🌍 Global Impact

Inspired French Revolution (1789).
Boosted democratic ideas worldwide.
Challenged monarchies and absolutism.
Sparked nationalist movements in 19th–20th centuries.

🇫🇷 **French Revolution

📌 Main Causes

Three Estates System: Inequality under the Ancien Régime.
Bourgeoisie: Wealthy middle class, no political power.
Peasants & Urban Poor: Heavily taxed, food shortages, unemployment.

💰 Economic:

Royal Debt: Extravagance + cost of wars (e.g., American Revolution).
Unfair Taxation: Burden on Third Estate.
Poor Harvests: Famine + inflation.

🏛 Political:

Absolute Monarchy: Louis XVI’s weak leadership.
Ineffective Reforms: Blocked by nobles.
No Representation: Frustration in Third Estate.

💡 Ideological:

Enlightenment: Liberty, equality, democracy.
American Revolution: Model for revolution.

📆 Major Events Timeline

Year	Event	Significance
1789	Estates-General	Triggered Revolution
1789	National Assembly & Tennis Court Oath	Start of new government
1789	Storming of Bastille	Symbol of uprising
1789	The Great Fear	Peasant revolts
1789	Declaration of Rights	Equality & freedoms
1789	Women’s March on Versailles	Royal family to Paris
1790	Civil Constitution of Clergy	Church under state
1791	Flight to Varennes	Distrust in monarchy
1792	War on Austria	Start of Revolutionary Wars
1792	Storming of Tuileries	End of monarchy
1792	September Massacres	Radicalization
1793	Execution of Louis XVI	Republic solidified
1793–94	Reign of Terror	Mass executions
1794	Thermidorian Reaction	End of Terror
1799	Rise of Napoleon	Revolution ends

📈 Consequences

End of monarchy & feudalism
Birth of Republicanism
Spread of liberty, nationalism
Triggered Napoleonic Wars
Rise of middle class power

⚠️ Limitations

Continued violence & instability
Women & poor still excluded
Napoleon’s authoritarianism
Monarchy briefly restored (1815)

💭 Enlightenment Influence

Philosopher	Key Ideas
Rousseau	Popular sovereignty
Montesquieu	Separation of powers
Voltaire	Free speech & reason

👤 Key Figures

Name	Role
Louis XVI	Ineffective monarch
Marie Antoinette	Symbol of extravagance
Robespierre	Led Reign of Terror
Danton	Early revolutionary leader
Marat	Radical journalist
Sieyès	"What is the Third Estate?"
Napoleon	Ended Revolution, seized power

Sure! Here's a Quick Revision Sheet for the Industrial Revolution – concise, structured, and perfect for last-minute review:

🏭 Industrial Revolution

🔹 Causes

1. Agricultural Revolution

New Techniques: Crop rotation, seed drill → More food, freed labor.
Enclosure Movement: Small farmers displaced → Urban migration.

2. Population Growth

Better nutrition & lower mortality → Larger workforce & demand.

3. Natural Resources (Britain)

Coal & Iron: Essential for machines & transport.
Water Power: Powered early factories.

4. Technological Innovation

Steam Engine (James Watt): Power source anywhere.
Textile Machines: Spinning jenny, power loom → Mass production.

5. Economic Factors

Capital Investment & Entrepreneurship: Funded innovation.
Colonialism & Trade: Raw materials & markets.

6. Political Stability

Protected property rights, encouraged growth.

🔹 Key Developments

Textile Industry: First to mechanize.
Steam Engine: Transformed power, transport.
Factories: Shift from cottage to industrial production.
Railroads: Connected regions, enabled trade.
Urbanization: Rise of industrial cities.
Factory Acts: Regulated labor conditions.

🔹 Consequences

I. Economic

Factory system & mass production.
Rise of industrial capitalism.
Global trade, consumerism, capital markets.
Exploitation of labor.
Shift to free trade → protectionism.

Urbanization & slums.
New class structure: Capitalist vs. Working Class.
Decline of traditional family life.
Mixed effects on living standards.
Child & women labor exploitation.
Public health issues in cities.

III. Political

Boosted colonialism & imperialism.
Rise of labor unions, Chartism.
New ideologies: Socialism, Marxism, liberalism.
Move toward welfare states.

IV. Technological

Innovation in production, transport, communication.
Steamships, railways, telegraph → Faster connections.

V. Environmental

Pollution (air & water), resource depletion.

VI. Global Impact

Spread of industrialization.
Changed agricultural patterns worldwide.

🔹 Long-Term Significance

Alongside French Revolution: Key turning point in modern history.
Foundation for modern economy, tech, and society.

🔹 Limitations & Issues

Income inequality.
Harsh labor conditions.
Environmental damage.
Social dislocation and unrest.

🔹 Key Figures

Name	Contribution
James Watt	Steam engine improvements
Richard Arkwright	Water frame, factory system
Eli Whitney	Cotton gin → Boosted cotton, slavery
George Stephenson	Steam locomotive
Adam Smith	Free markets, Wealth of Nations
Karl Marx	Critique of capitalism, Communist Manifesto

🔹 Ideas & Ideologies

Capitalism (Adam Smith): Free market economy.
Liberalism: Rights, freedom, minimal state interference.
Socialism/Marxism: Collective ownership, critique of capitalism.

🌍 Imperialism & New Imperialism - Quick Revision Sheet

🧠 Key Definitions

Imperialism: Extending a nation's power/influence through diplomacy or force—economic, political, cultural dominance.
Colonialism: Direct political control + settlement in foreign territory; resource exploitation.
New Imperialism (1870–1914): Rapid European, U.S., Japanese expansion into Africa & Asia.
Neo-colonialism: Post-independence control via economics, politics, culture.
Scramble for Africa (1881–1914): Fierce European competition to divide and colonize Africa.
Spheres of Influence: Foreign powers exerting exclusive privileges in a region without direct rule (e.g., China).

💰 Motivations Behind New Imperialism

A. Economic

Raw Materials: Rubber, tin, cotton, minerals.
New Markets: For manufactured goods.
Investment: Railways, plantations, mines.
Trade Routes: Control of Suez, Singapore.
Competition: Between industrialized nations.

B. Political & Strategic

National Prestige: Empire = power.
Military Bases: Global reach.
Balance of Power: Colonial grabs to counter rivals.
Domestic Distraction: Uniting nations internally.

Social Darwinism: “Fittest” nations dominate.
Civilizing Mission: Spread Western “superiority.”
Missionaries: Spread Christianity, Western education.
Exploration: Adventure, science, fame.

D. Technological

Weapons: Maxim gun, rifles, gunboats.
Transport: Steamships, railways.
Communication: Telegraph.
Medicine: Quinine vs. malaria.

🌐 Major Imperial Powers & Key Holdings

Power	Key Colonies/Regions	Notable Info
Britain	India, Egypt, S. Africa, Malaya, Canada, Australia	“Sun never sets”, indirect rule
France	Algeria, West Africa, Indochina, Madagascar	Direct rule, assimilation policy
Belgium	Congo Free State	Brutal rubber exploitation
Germany	Namibia, Tanganyika, Cameroon, Togo	Harsh rule, genocide in Namibia
Netherlands	Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)	Spice/oil exploitation (Culture System)
Portugal	Angola, Mozambique, Timor Leste	Long colonial presence
Italy	Libya, Somalia, Eritrea, (later Ethiopia)	Defeat at Adwa, later occupation
Spain	Western Sahara, Equatorial Guinea, N. Africa	Lost empire earlier
USA	Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii	Spanish-American War, Panama Canal zone
Japan	Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria	Meiji-era empire building
Russia	Central Asia, Siberia	“The Great Game” with Britain

🛠️ IV. Methods of Imperial Control

Military Force: Conquest & suppression (e.g., Maxim Gun, British in Sudan).
Diplomacy & Treaties: Unequal Treaties, Protectorates (e.g., Treaty of Nanking, Treaty Ports in China).
Economic Control: Forced cash crop production, trade dominance, economic dependence.
Governance Types:
- Direct Rule: Colonizers govern directly (France – assimilation).
- Indirect Rule: Use local rulers (Britain in India/Nigeria) – cheaper but divisive.
Infrastructure: Built for resource extraction (e.g., railways, ports).
Divide and Rule: Exploit divisions (e.g., British in India, Belgium in Rwanda).
Cultural Domination: Language, law, education imposed; traditional cultures suppressed.
Settler Colonialism: Colonists dominate locals (e.g., Algeria, South Africa, Rhodesia).

🏯 V. Imperialism in Asia

🇮🇳 India

British East India Company → British Raj (1858–1947) after Sepoy Mutiny (1857).
Key resources: cotton, tea, opium.
Famines, deindustrialization, rise of Indian National Congress (1885).

🇨🇳 China

Never colonized but dominated.
Opium Wars, Unequal Treaties, Treaty Ports, Hong Kong lost.
Taiping & Boxer Rebellions against internal decay & foreign control.

🌏 Southeast Asia

French Indochina: Rubber, rice, anti-colonial resistance.
British Malaya: Tin, rubber, Singapore = key port.
Dutch East Indies: Culture System, Islamic nationalism.
Philippines: U.S. rule post-1898, brutal Philippine-American War.
Siam (Thailand): Independent buffer state via diplomacy & reform.

🌍 Central Asia

Russian expansion; The Great Game vs. Britain.

🕌 Ottoman Empire

Declining (“Sick Man of Europe”), lost N. Africa & Balkans; faced debt & foreign control.

🌍 VI. The Scramble for Africa

🔎 Pre-1880s: Empires & kingdoms; limited Euro presence (coastal only).

⚔️ The Scramble (1880–1914)

Trigger: Leopold II in Congo.
Berlin Conference (1884–85): Divided Africa; no African voices; “Effective Occupation” principle.

🌍 By Region:

Region	Main Powers	Notes
West Africa	France, Britain, Germany	Palm oil, cocoa, resistance (e.g., Samori Touré)
East Africa	Britain, Germany, Italy	Maji Maji Rebellion, agriculture focus
Central Africa	Belgium (Congo), France	Congo atrocities, rubber, ivory
Southern Africa	Britain, Boers	Boer Wars, gold & diamonds, apartheid roots
North Africa	France, Britain, Italy	Algeria (settler colony), Egypt (Suez Canal)

⚖️ VII. Impacts of Imperialism

🏛️ A. Political

Loss of sovereignty.
Artificial borders → postcolonial conflicts.
Rise of nationalism (Western-educated leaders).
Undermining traditional systems.

💰 B. Economic

Resource & labor exploitation.
Shift to export economies; food shortages & famines.
Infrastructure for extraction, not local development.
Legacy of underdevelopment & neo-colonialism.

Racism & segregation.
Suppression of indigenous cultures; imposed Western values.
Rise of Western-educated elites → led independence movements.
Health & urbanization: mixed impacts, often unequal access.

🌿 D. Environmental

Deforestation, soil exhaustion, resource depletion.
Disruption of local ecosystems via introduced species and monoculture farming.

🛡️ VIII. Resistance to Imperialism

🔫 Primary Resistance

Early, armed resistance led by traditional leaders.
Examples:
- Abd al-Qadir (Algeria)
- Zulu Wars (South Africa)
- Mahdist War (Sudan)
- Sepoy Mutiny (India)
- Can Vuong (Vietnam)
Usually crushed by superior European firepower.

🗳️ Secondary/Nationalist Resistance

20th-century organized movements; often peaceful at first.
Led by Western-educated elites.
Examples:
- INC (India)
- ANC (South Africa)
- Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)
- Sarekat Islam (Indonesia)

🛐 Cultural/Religious Resistance

Defending traditions, languages, religions.
E.g., Maji Maji Rebellion (Tanzania), Islamic movements in West/North Africa.

🌍 IX. Comparing Colonialism: Africa vs. Asia

Aspect	Africa	Asia
Timing	Rapid (1880s–1914)	Gradual (from 1600s)
Pre-Colonial States	Diverse, decentralized	Long-standing empires
Borders	Artificial (Berlin Conference)	More aligned with old states
Settler Colonies	Common (SA, Algeria)	Rare
Impact	Ethnic conflict, instability	Civilizational disruption

✊ X. Decolonization (Post-WWII)

🌍 Why It Happened:

European powers weakened
Rise of nationalist movements
Pressure from US, USSR, UN
Economic burden of empire

📜 Methods:

Negotiation: India (1947), Ghana (1957)
War: Algeria (1954–62), Vietnam, Angola, Mozambique

⏳ Timeline: 1945–1970s

🧠 XI. Legacy of Imperialism

⚖️ Political:

Instability, authoritarianism
Legacy of divide & rule, fake borders

💸 Economic:

Neocolonialism: export economies, debt
Raw material dependency

🎭 Cultural:

Lingering European influence
Cultural hybridity vs. identity struggles
Racism, internalized oppression

🏗️ Infrastructure:

Built for extraction, not national growth

🧠 Psychological:

Trauma from racism, suppression
Explored by Frantz Fanon

🌐 Global Impact:

Enriched Europe, destabilized colonies
Created many modern international issues

📣 XII. Voices from the Colonized

Thinker/Leader	Message
Chinua Achebe	Cultural loss & colonial disruption
Frantz Fanon	Psychological violence, call for revolution
Gandhi, Ho Chi Minh, Nkrumah, Mandela	Anti-imperialism, visions for liberation

🌍 Impacts of World War I – Summary Guide

👥 Demographic Crisis

15–22 million deaths; 23 million wounded
“Lost Generation” → huge gender imbalances
Rise in widows, orphans, strain on social systems

Decline of aristocracy, rise of working/middle class
Women in workforce → boosted suffrage movements
Traditional values challenged, especially among youth

🧠 Cultural & Psychological Effects

Shell shock (PTSD) widespread, often untreated
Disillusionment with war expressed in literature/art
Spanish Flu worsened postwar trauma and death toll
Rise of memorial culture

II. Political Repercussions

🏰 Fall of Empires

Austria-Hungary → fragmented into new states
Ottoman Empire → Turkey + League mandates in Middle East
Russia → Bolshevik Revolution → USSR
Germany → Kaiser out, Weimar Republic in

⚖️ New Ideologies

Communism spreads post-Russia
Fascism emerges (Italy → Germany) exploiting postwar woes

🗺️ Redrawn Borders

Treaty of Versailles harsh on Germany
Principle of self-determination inconsistently applied

🌐 League of Nations & Instability

League of Nations created but weak
Democracies weakened → rise of extremism (esp. in Germany)
Weimar instability sets stage for Nazism

III. Economic Fallout

💥 Destruction & Debt

Major damage to infrastructure
War debts + inflation cripple economies (esp. Germany)

🔄 Shift in Economic Power

Europe declines, U.S. rises as creditor and industrial leader
Gold standard abandoned, financial instability

📉 Postwar Economic Struggles

German reparations strain economy
Protectionism stifles recovery
Contributes to Great Depression

🏗️ Systemic Changes

Governments expand economic control
Labor movements gain strength

🇮🇳 Impact on India

📈 Rise in Nationalism

Indian war support → hopes for autonomy
Disappointment with reforms (Montagu-Chelmsford)
Gandhi rises as a nationalist leader

Economic hardship, resource diversion
Some industrial growth (less British imports)
Soldiers return with new ideas, shift in social outlook

🌍 Impact on Colonies & Imperialism

Empires weakened → harder to control colonies
Sparked anti-colonial nationalism
Mandate system → disguised continuation of imperialism

🌐 International Relations

⚖️ New Global Order

Britain & France weakened
U.S. & Japan gain power
U.S. retreats into isolationism

⏳ Seeds of WWII

Versailles Treaty resentment → German anger
League of Nations fails to prevent aggression
Extremism rises → leads to fascism, WWII

🛠️ Impact on Technology

Major military tech boom: tanks, planes, gas, subs
Advances in medicine (surgery, transfusions, prosthetics)

🏚️ Impact on Infrastructure

Destruction widespread in battle zones
Postwar reconstruction crucial, esp. in France/Belgium

Sure! Here's a quick revision sheet summarizing the Impacts of World War II: