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Energy

• Classification of Energy
• Major Energy Projects of Rajasthan
• Energy-Related Institutions
• Energy-Related Schemes
• Other Important Points

[A. Classification of Energy Resources]

Based on Potential:

Renewable	Non-Renewable
1. Hydro/Water	1. Thermal Energy
2. Solar Energy	* Coal
3. Wind Energy	* Natural Gas
4. Biogas	* Petroleum
5. Biomass	2. Nuclear Energy
6. Tidal Energy	* Uranium
7. Geothermal Energy	* Thorium

Based on Production:

Traditional	Non-Traditional
1. Coal	1. Nuclear Energy
2. Natural Gas	2. Solar Energy
3. Petroleum	3. Wind Energy
4. Hydro/Water Energy	4. Biomass
	5. Biogas
	6. Tidal Energy

(a) Traditional Energy Resources: Those energy resources that have been used for a long time and from which energy is produced using old technology.

• Example: Hydropower, thermal energy (coal, gas, petroleum)

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(b) Non-Traditional Energy Sources: Those energy resources that have been in use for a long time and from which energy is produced using new technology. * Example: Nuclear energy, wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, etc.

• Note: Types of Energy Stations based on production capacity:
  • Super Station: A station that produces more than 1000 MW of energy.
  • Super Critical Station: A unit that produces more than 500 MW of energy.
  • Ultra Mega Power Project (UMPP): A station that produces more than 4000 MW of energy.

B. Major Energy Projects of Rajasthan

*  **Energy Projects in Rajasthan**

Traditional Energy	Non-Traditional Energy

I. Traditional Energy - Hydro and Thermal Energy

Hydro Energy

 *   **(a) State Government**
   *   **(b) State-State**
    *   **(c) Central Government**

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1. Hydro Energy of State Government:

*   1. **Jakham Small Hydro Energy Projects** - Pratapgarh
      *  Production Capacity - 5.4 MW
*   2. **Anas Hydroelectric Project:** - Banswara
      *  Production Capacity - 140 MW
 *  3. **Indira Gandhi Small Hydroelectric Project:** Sri Ganganagar, Bikaner
       *   Production Capacity - 23.85 MW

2. Hydroelectric Projects of State : State Cooperation:

*   **Bhakra-Nangal Hydroelectric Project**
   *   Benefited States: Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana
   *   Production Capacity - 1493 MW
    *   Rajasthan's share - 15.2 percent (227 MW)
*  **Beas Hydroelectric Project**
    * States: Rajasthan + Punjab
    *  Rajasthan's share - 422 MW
 *  **Mahi-Bajaj Sagar Hydroelectric Project:**
     * Benefited states: Rajasthan and Gujarat (45:55)
     *  This project is built in two phases:
        *   2 x 25 MW = 50 MW
         *   2 x 45 MW = 90 MW
 *  100% of the energy produced in this project is distributed in the tribal region of Rajasthan. (140 MW)

Page 230 * Chambal Hydroelectric Project * Joint project of Rajasthan and MP. * Contribution of both the states (50:50) * The total hydroelectric power generation from three dams in this project is 386 MW: * Gandhi Sagar - 93 MW x 5 (115 MW) * Rana Pratap Sagar - 43 MW x 3 (172 MW) * Jawahar Sagar - 33 MW x 3 (99 MW) * Total = 386 MW (Rajasthan - 193 MW : Madhya Pradesh - 193 MW) * Rahughat Project - Karauli * Project located on Chambal River * Joint project of Rajasthan + Madhya Pradesh (50:50) * Production capacity - 79 MW

3. Central Government's Hydroelectric Projects:

*   **Salal Project:** (Jammu and Kashmir)
      *  On the Chenab River
     *  Operated by NHPC (National Hydroelectric Power Corporation).
     *   Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, U.P., Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, H.P. and Chandigarh are benefited from this project.
 *  **Dulhasti Project** (Jammu and Kashmir)
     * Operated by NHPC

Page 231 * On Chenab River * Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, U.P., Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand and Chandigarh are benefited from this project. * Uri Project: (Jammu and Kashmir) * On the Jhelum River * Operated by NHPC * Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, U.P., Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, H.P., Uttarakhand and Chandigarh are benefited from this project. * Parvati Project: (Himachal Pradesh) * On the Parvati River * Operated by NHPC * Chamera Project: (Himachal Pradesh) * On the Ravi River (Operated by NHPC) * Nathpa Jhakri Project: (Himachal Pradesh) * On the Satluj River (Operated by NHPC)

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• Tehri Project - (Uttarakhand) * This project is operated by Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited on the Bhagirathi and Bhilangana rivers.

• Lakhwar Project - (Uttarakhand) * Operated by NHPC on the Sada (Kali) river.

  • Dhauliganga Project - (Uttarakhand)
    • This project is operated by NHPC on the Dhauliganga river.

  [(India Map with locations marked)] * Jammu (Chenab) * Parvati (Parvati) * Nathpa-Jhakri (Satluj) * Sulal (Chenab)

  • Dulhasti (Chenab)
    • Uri (Jhelum)
  • Tehri (Bhagirathi)
    • Lakhwar (Kali River)
  • Dhauliganga Page 233

Conclusion: * More development and planning are needed in hydroelectric projects to increase energy production and improve energy security in Rajasthan.

Thermal Energy: (Thermal Power Projects of the State of Rajasthan):-

• The main sources of this energy are coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
  • Coal contributes the most to power generation in thermal projects.

*   **(A) Coal/Lignite Based Projects:**
     * (a) Schemes of State Government (b) Schemes of State: State (c) Schemes of Central Government

Schemes of State Government:

* 1.  **Suratgarh Super Critical Thermal Power Plant** - Sri Ganganagar
     *   A total of 2820 MW of energy is produced from 8 units in five stages at Suratgarh Thermal Plant. Which includes:

Phase	Unit	Production Capacity
I	Unit-1st	250 MW
I	Unit-2nd	250 MW
II	Unit-3rd	250 MW
II	Unit-4th	250 MW
III	Unit-5th	250 MW
III	Unit-6th	250 MW
IV	Unit-7th	660 MW
V	Unit-8th	660 MW
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• This is the first super thermal (2000) power plant in Rajasthan. Which is currently (2024) the largest thermal power project in Rajasthan.

• 2. Kota Super Thermal Power Plant:
  • It is the first (1983) thermal (coal) power plant in Rajasthan.
  • It is the first thermal power project of Rajasthan, while it is the second super thermal power project.
  • A total of 1240 MW of energy is produced from 7 units in five stages at Kota Thermal Plant. Which includes: | Phase | Unit | Production Capacity | |--------|----------------|----------------| | I | Unit-1st | 110 MW | |I |Unit-2nd|110 MW | |II |Unit-3rd |210 MW | |II |Unit-4th |210 MW | |III |Unit-5th |210 MW | |IV |Unit-6th |195 MW | |V |Unit-7th |195 MW |
• 3. Chhabra Super Critical Power Plant: - Baran
     • Production capacity - 2320 MW
     • It is the first critical thermal power project in Rajasthan.

Phase	Unit	Production Capacity
I	Unit-1st	250 MW
I	Unit-2nd	250 MW
II	Unit-3rd	250 MW
II	Unit-4th	250 MW
III	Unit-5th	660 MW
III	Unit-6th	660 MW
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• 4. Kawai Super Critical Power Plant: - Baran
     • Production Capacity - 1320 MW
     • Collaboration - Adani Group | Phase | Unit | Production Capacity | |-----------|----------------|-----------------| | I | Unit - 1st | 660 MW | | I | Unit - 2nd | 660 MW |

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• 5. Kali Sindh Critical Power Plant: - Jhalawar
     • Production capacity: 1200 MW
  • Proposed: 800 MW (Adani Power Project)
• 6. Bhadesar Super Power Plant - Barmer
  • Production Capacity - 1080 MW

*  7. **Kapurdi - Jaliyapa Super Thermal Power Plant:** - Barmer
    *   Production Capacity - 1080 MW

• 8. Giral Thermal Power Plant: - Gurhali Village, Barmer
     • Production Capacity - 250 MW
     • Collaboration - Germany

*   9. **Dhanpur Super Thermal Power Project:** - Banswara
        *   Production Capacity - 1600 MW
   *  10. **Barsingsar Thermal Power Project:** - Bikaner
         * Production capacity = 250 MW
      *   It is operated by Neyveli Lignite Corporation (Government of India).

(b) State: State Scheme: * 1. Satpura Thermal Power Project: * Location - District Betul, Madhya Pradesh * Benefited States: Rajasthan + Madhya Pradesh

Page 237 (c) Central Government Project

Scheme	Location	Operating Agency
Vindhyachali Thermal Plant	U.P	NTPC
Rihand Super Thermal Power Plant	U.P	NTPC
Unchahar Super Thermal Power Plant	U.P	NTPC
Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Plant	Bihar	NTPC
Talcher Super Thermal Power Plant	Odisha	NTPC

Gas Based Power Projects

*    (a) Schemes of State Government (b) Schemes of Central Government

1. Schemes of State Government:

Gas Power Project	Location	Production Capacity
1. Ramgarh	Jaisalmer	270.5 MW
2. Combined Cycle	Dholpur	330 MW
3. Sagar-Kotra	Udaipur	-

• Note: The first gas-based power project of the State Government is Ramgarh (1996).

Page 238 (b) Gas Power Projects of Central Government (NTPC)

Gas Power Project	Location	Production Capacity
1. Unta (Bhadawar, Vijaypur, Jagdishpur Gas Pipeline)	Baran	419.3 MW
2. Badari	U.P	829.78 MW
3. Auraiya	U.P	652 MW

• Note: First (1989) gas power project in Rajasthan operated by NTPC (Central Government) → Unta Gas Power Plant

Coal/Liquid Fuel Based Projects:

• 1. Dholpur Power Plant - 1st Phase = 330 MW, 2nd Phase = 372.7 MW
  • Total = 702.7 MW

 *  2.  **Keshoraipatan Thermal Power Plant:** - Bundi

5. Non-Conventional Energy

1. Nuclear Energy

*   Rajasthan Nuclear or Atomic Power Station: Rawatbhata (Chittorgarh)
    *   Start: December, 1973 (Cooperation - Canada)

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  • Operator: Department of Nuclear Energy (NPCIL)
  • The total installed capacity of 6 units of this plant is 1180 MW. | Unit | Production | |-----------------|------------| |First Unit| 100 MW | |Second Unit | 200 MW | |Third Unit| 220 MW | |Fourth Unit | 220 MW | |Fifth Unit | 220 MW | |Sixth Unit | 220 MW | |Total Capacity | 1180 MW |

• Two units of 700 MW are proposed at Rawatbhata Nuclear Power Plant.

  • Rajasthan receives nuclear power from Rawatbhata (Rajasthan) and Narora (U.P.).
  • The second nuclear power plant in Rajasthan - Banswara (Proposed)
  • 700 MW × 4 Unit = 2800 MW

Solar Energy:

    *   Highest potential for solar energy in India
    *  Jodhpur in Rajasthan.

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• The following are the reasons for the highest potential of solar energy in Rajasthan:
  • High intensity of solar radiation.
  • The state has about 305 clear sunny days in a year.
  • Investors invest more in solar energy projects.
  • Due to the vast desert expansion, high temperatures are achieved.
• Note: According to the assessment of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, there is a potential to generate 142 gigawatts (1,42,000 megawatts) of solar energy from solar sources in Rajasthan.

Efforts Being Made for Solar Energy Development in Rajasthan:

1. Solar Park Construction Scheme: * Jodhpur, Barmer, Jaisalmer, and Bikaner have been selected for this scheme in Rajasthan. * Under the agreement between the Clinton Foundation and the State Government in 2010, the Clinton Foundation will provide necessary assistance for the development of solar parks. * Solar parks established in Rajasthan: * Bhadla (Jodhpur) * Ghusar (Jaisalmer) * Phalodi Pokhran Solar Park (Jodhpur-Jaisalmer) * Nokh Solar Park (Jaisalmer) * Nadia Kala (Jodhpur) * Fatehgarh Solar Park (Jaisalmer) * Pawal Solar Park (Jaisalmer) Page 241

• Rajasthan ka Bhugol
  • Bhadla Solar Park
    • Location- Jodhpur
    • A solar park of 2245 MW has been developed in Bhadla in four phases.
    • Bhadla Solar Park Phase

      Phase	Production	Collaboration
      Ist	65 MW	Rajasthan Solar Park
      IInd	680 MW	Welspun Company Limited
      IIIrd	1000 MW	IL & FS + State Government
      IVth	500 MW	M/s Adani + State Government

• Rajasthan's first private sector solar project was started by Reliance in Dhokher (Nagaur).

4. Construction of Solar City: * The cities that have the highest solar energy potential will be developed as solar cities.
   • Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Ajmer will be included in it.
   • Proposed Districts - Pushkar (Ajmer), Jaisalmer
5. SEEZ - (Solar Energy Enterprises Zone)

• The region with the highest potential for solar energy in Rajasthan is called SEEZ. * Areas Included: Jodhpur, Barmer, Jaisalmer.

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• 4. Solar Energy Mission:
     • Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission was launched in the country for the development of solar energy.
       • Start: January, 2010
       • Target: Production of 1 lakh MW (100 GW) solar energy by 2022
         • This mission will be carried out in three phases.
         • First Phase (2010-13)
         • Second Phase (2013-17) * Third Phase (2017-22)
• 5. Solar Energy Policy:
  • In Rajasthan:
    • First solar energy policy: 2011
    • Second solar energy policy: 2014
    • Latest solar energy policy: 18 Dec. 2019 Page 243
• Rajasthan ka Bhugol | Solar Energy Policy | | | |-------------------------|-----------------------------|--------------------------------| | Solar Energy Policy | Target |Vision and Objectives|
• This policy will be known as the Solar Energy Policy 2019.
• Target Date: 18 Dec 2019
  • Target: To achieve the target of 30,000 MW solar energy projects by 2024-25.
    • To create a conducive environment for heavy investors in the field of solar energy production.
    • To achieve energy security at the national level.
    • To achieve goals like facing the challenges of climate change. *(i) Utility/grid-scale solar parks -> 24,000 MW (ii) Distributed Generation -> 4000 MW (iii) Solar Rooftop -> 1000 MW (iv) Solar Pumps -> 1000 MW

3. Wind Energy:

   *   According to a study conducted by the National Institute of Wind Energy of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India at a height of 150 m, the power generation capacity of wind energy in Rajasthan is approximately 127 gigawatts.

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• Note: Jaisalmer has the highest potential for wind energy in Rajasthan.
• Major Wind Power Plants: * Amarsagar --> Jaisalmer (1st in Rajasthan) * Roda Chauhan --> Jaisalmer * Rohera --> Jaisalmer * Akal --> Jaisalmer * Harsua --> Jaisalmer * Deogarh --> Pratapgarh (3rd in Rajasthan) * Beethri --> Phalodi (3rd in Rajasthan) * Harks Wind Energy --> Sikar * Bada Bagh --> Jaisalmer * Hardid Wind Energy Plant --> Jaisalmer * Note: M/s Kalakshi Industries has established the first private sector wind energy project in Bada Bagh (Jaisalmer).

Largest Wind Energy Park in Rajasthan	Bada Bagh" (Jaisalmer)
First Railway Wind Power Plant	Kothiasar (Jaisalmer)
Highest Contribution to Wind Energy	Suzlon Energy

• Wind Energy Policy | Wind Energy Policy | | Target | Vision and Objectives
  • Nodal Agency Page 245
• Rajasthan ka Bhugol

Wind Energy

* This policy will be known as the Rajasthan Wind and Hybrid Energy Policy - 2019.
 * Target: 18 Dec 2019
*   Target: To achieve the target of 8600 MW of wind and hybrid energy projects by 2024-25.
    *  Hybridization of existing Wind/Solar Plants -> 260 MW
    * New Wind - Solar Hybrid Project -> 2000 MW
    *   Wind - Solar Hybrid with Storage System -> 500 MW
   *  Hybridization of existing Conventional Plants -> 800 MW
     *   **Vision and Objectives:**
         *    To promote wind power projects and necessary storage systems.
         * To promote wind energy projects.
        *    Strengthening the transmission and distribution network in the state for integration of renewable energy.
         * To promote wind resource assessment.
        *    To promote industries related to the manufacturing of wind energy equipment.
        *   Hybridization of wind and solar technologies to address the challenges of grid safety and stability with the highest utilization of land resources and transportation systems.

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• Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation will act as the nodal agency for solar energy and wind energy and will perform the following functions:
  • -> Registration of projects * -> Approval of projects * -> Development of wind parks/solar parks * -> Facilitating the allotment of government land

4. Biomass Energy

• The main sources of biomass energy in Rajasthan are mustard oil, Vilayati babool, rice husk.
• The highest potential for biomass energy is in Sri Ganganagar district.

Major Biomass Power Plants:

Biomass Plant	Location
Padampur	Sri Ganganagar
Khatoli	Uniyara (Tonk)
Changpur	Kota
Raviriya	Chittorgarh
Sancharia	Hanumangarh
Karela-Bagsari	Sanchore

*   First biomass energy plant in Rajasthan - Padampur (Sri Ganganagar)

5. Biogas Energy

   *   Source: Cow Dung
    *   Highest potential: Udaipur

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• Chemical composition of biogas: * Methane = 65% * CO2 = 30% * Hydrogen = 5%

6. Biofuel / Biodiesel Energy

• Biofuel/Biodiesel is considered important as diesel.
• The main source of biodiesel is Jatropha/Ratanjot and Karanj.
• For the development of biodiesel in Rajasthan, a biodiesel refinery is established in Kalarwas (Udaipur).
• A biodiesel plant in the state: Samarkheda (Udaipur)

C. Energy Related Institutions

1. Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation:

    * Objective: To develop and conserve non-conventional energy sources in the state.
    * Establishment: 9 Aug 2002
   *   Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation was formed by merging REDA + RSPCL.
      * REDA -> Rajasthan Energy Development Agency : 1985
       * RSPCL -> Rajasthan State Power Corporation Ltd: 1995
*  NOTE+ RSDCL-> Rajasthan Solarpark Development Company
    *  Establishment: 2 Nov. 2011 (Jaipur)
      *   It is a subsidiary company of Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation.

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• Rajasthan ka Bhugol 2. Rajasthan State Power Generation Corporation- Jaipur 3. Rajasthan State Power Transmission Corporation- Jaipur 4. Rajasthan State Power Distribution Corporation- Jaipur 5. Rajasthan State Power Distribution Corporation- Ajmer 6. Rajasthan State Power Distribution Corporation- Jodhpur

D. Major Energy Related Schemes

1. Ujjwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY):

*  Start: 5 November 2015 (by the Ministry of Power, Government of India)

• Under this scheme, the Government of India signed a tripartite MoU with the State Government and each DISCOM on 27 January 2016. * The main objective of this scheme is to improve the financial condition of various companies (DISCOMs).

2. Saubhagya Scheme (PM Sahaj Har Ghar Bijli Yojana): 25 Sep. 2017

  *  Objective: To provide electricity to every household in the country. (Target year - 31 March 2019)

3. Kusum Scheme (KUSUM- Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthan Mahabhiyan Scheme)

• Start: 2018-19
  • Energy Target: 30800 MW * Objective: * (i) To install solar pumps and connect them to the grid. * (ii) To provide energy security to farmers.

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• Rajasthan ka Bhugol(a) Kusum Component - A:
• Establishment: Decentralized solar power plants with a capacity of 0.5MW to 2MW * Location: On the barren land of the farmers located within a radius of 5 km of 33/11 kV Rajasthani stations
  • Operation: Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation (b) Kusum Component-B:

*   A target of 12,500 pump sets has been set to solarize agricultural pump sets with a capacity of up to 7.5 H.P.

(c) Kusum Component-C: (Feeder Level Solarization) * Target: Solarization of 2,00,000 pump sets * Solar Agricultural Livelihood Scheme (Sky) portal (www.skyrajasthan.org.in) to coordinate farmers/landowners and developers and arrange necessary land.

• Chief Minister Kisan Mitra Energy Scheme:
  • Start: July 17, 2021
  • Objective: To provide a subsidy of ₹1000/month to agricultural consumers, with a maximum of ₹12,000 in a year.
• From June 2023, it has been merged into the Chief Minister's Free Electricity Scheme (Agricultural Grant)!
• Under which currently ---------> 2000 units of free electricity per month (to agricultural consumers) * ---------> if more than 2000 units per month
  • ---------> then a subsidy of ₹1000 in that particular month under the Chief Minister Kisan Mitra Energy Scheme

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• 5. Chief Minister's Free Electricity Scheme (Domestic Grant)
     • Implemented From: June, 2023

Electricity Consumption	Subsidy
Up to 100 Units	Free Electricity
Up to 200 Units	Exemption in the electricity charges, fixed charge and urban surcharge bill of the first 100 units
More than 200 Units	First 100 units are free, but other charges have to be borne by the consumer

6. PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana

• Start: 13 February 2024
• Budget: ₹ 75,000 crore
• Objective: To install solar power plants on one crore houses to provide 300 units of free electricity every month. (ii) Subsidy in this Scheme |1 to 2 KW|₹ 30,000 to ₹ 60,000 | |----|----| |3 KW|78,000 (maximum)|
• Target: The Rajasthan government has set a target of installing solar rooftop plants in 5 lakh houses. Page 251
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E. Other Important Points

1. Energy Related Policies in Rajasthan

Solar Energy Policy	Wind Energy Policy	Renewable Energy Policy	Biomass Policy	Rajasthan Pump Storage Policy
2011-2019	2012	6 October, 2023	2010	23 September 2023
18 Dec, 2019		Renewable Energy Policy target of 65000 MW by 2023		Current capacity 5(23 September 2023)
		Peak - 45000 MW
		Grid - 15000 MW
		Large Water Pump Plant - 10000 MW
		Total Target - 65000 MW

Rajasthan Green Hydrogen Policy

  * 29 September, 2023
   *   Upto 31 March 2030/ Until the new policy
  *  Target of 2000 KTPA in the state by 2030 (KTPA = kilo tons per annum)

• Note: At the international level, the Government of India is committed to a target of producing 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030.

2. Current Energy in Rajasthan:
   • Installed Capacity: 24783.64 MW (March, 2024)
     • Main production in which
       • Thermal Energy: - 12000 MW (approx)
       • Wind Energy: 4359.63 Page 252

• Rajasthan ka Bhugol
• Total electricity availability in Rajasthan by March 2024 - 243,365 * Solar Energy: - 4010.50 * Hydro/Water Energy: - 3000 MW (Approx) * Nuclear Energy: - 456.74 * Biomass Energy: - 103.95 MW
• Contribution to Rajasthan's total installed power capacity:

Contribution of Traditional Energy	Contribution of Renewable Energy
78-79%	20-21%

• NOTE: Highest annual growth in renewable energy in 2023 - Rajasthan (First)

3. Important Days Related to Energy:

• 20 August - Renewable Energy Day
• 14 December - National Energy Conservation Day
  • Earth Hour - It is celebrated on any Saturday of March from 8:30-9:30 pm.
    • On that day, an appeal is made to turn off all equipment except the necessary equipment.

  *   It was started in Australia to give the message of environmental protection and energy saving, in which India joined in 2009.
  

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