Rajasthan

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Okay, here's a structured and translated version of the notes on the Rathore dynasty, formatted in Markdown.

History of the Rathore Dynasty ​

This section details the history of the Rathore dynasty, including their origins, key rulers, and significant events, primarily focusing on the Marwar region.

Origins of the Rathores ​

Kannauj (U.P.) (Gahadwala Dynasty)South India (Rashtrakuta Dynasty)
  • Rathore Principalities:
    1. Marwar/Jodhpur: The largest princely state at the time of independence.
    2. Bikaner
    3. Kishangarh

History of Marwar ​

  • The Rathore dynasty ruled Marwar.

  1. Rao Siha:

    • Came to Marwar from Badaun (Kannauj) in 1240 AD to help the Paliwal Brahmins. He is considered a descendant of Jaichand of the Gahadwal dynasty of Kannauj.
    • Capital: Khed (Balotra).
    • Cenotaph: Bithu (Pali).

  2. Duhad:

    • Brought the idol of their family deity, Naganechi Mata, from Karnataka.
    • Established it in Nagana (Khed, Balotra).
    • The folk deity Pabuji was his younger brother, Dhandhal's, son.

  3. Mallinath:

    • Capital: Mewanagar (Balotra).
    • A folk deity of western Rajasthan.
    • Defeated Nizamuddin, the governor of Malwa, in 1378 AD.
    • The Barmer region came to be known as 'Malani' due to Mallinath Ji.
    • Note: Songs of Gindoli are sung on Gangaur.

  4. Rao Chunda:

    • The Inda Pratihars married their daughter to Chunda and gave Mandore as dowry.
    • Mandore became the capital of the Rathores.
    • His queen, Chand Kanwar, built the Chand Baori in Jodhpur.
    • He was killed while fighting against the Bhattis of Poogal (Bikaner).
    • He made his younger son, Kanha, the king instead of his elder son, Ranmal (influenced by Queen Kishor Kanwar).
    • Later, Ranmal became the king with the help of the Mewar army.

  5. Rao Ranmal (1427-1438):

    • Married his sister, Hansabai, to Rana Lakha of Mewar.
    • Was not satisfied with the Jojawar Jagir in Marwar and went to Mewar.
    • In 1426 AD, captured Mandore with the Mewar army.
    • Killed by Mewari nobles in 1438 AD with the help of his lover, Bharamali.

  6. Rao Jodha (1438-89): Son of Ranmal

    • Succeeded in capturing Mandore in 1453 AD.
    • Founded Jodhpur in 1459 AD and made it his capital.
    • Built the Mehrangarh Fort on the Chidiyatunk hill in Jodhpur (Mayurdhwaj / Dhwaj Chintamani).
    • Karni Mata laid the foundation of the Mehrangarh Fort (Ranmal's sister)
    • The temple of "Chamunda Mata" was built in the Mehrangarh fort in 1460 AD.
    • Queen Jasmade built the Ranisar Lake in Jodhpur.
    • Jodha defeated the army of Sultan Bahlol Lodi of Delhi.
    • According to historian Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, Rao Jodha was the first powerful ruler of Marwar.
    • His sons, Bika and Duda, established the states of Bikaner and Merta.

  7. Rao Maldev (1531-62):

    • Father: Ganga.

    • Mother: Padma Kumari (daughter of Jagmal Deora of Sirohi).

    • Maldev became the ruler of Marwar after assassinating his father.

    • At the time of his coronation, Maldev had only 2 parganas:

      1. Jodhpur
      2. Sojat (Pali): Where the coronation took place.

    • He won 52 battles and 58 parganas. Some of them are:

      1. Phalodi: From the Bhattis of Jaisalmer.
      2. Bilara (Jodhpur): From the Sirvis.
      3. Nagaur: From Daulat Khan.
      4. Jalore: From Sikandar Khan.
      5. Siwana: Snatched from Dungar Singh.
      6. Merta: From Viramdev. 7. Bikaner: Jaitasi. 8. Raipur/Bhadrajun: From Veeran Siyal. (Pali) (Jalore).

    • Battle of Paheba/Saheba (1541 AD):

      • Maldev vs. Jaitasi (Bikaner).
      • Jaitasi was killed in the battle.
      • Maldev captured Bikaner and made Kumpa (commander) the administrator of Bikaner.
      • Kalyanmal, son of Jaitasi, sought help from the Sultan of Delhi, Sher Shah Suri.

  • There was a dispute between Maldev and Viramdev (Merta) over 'Dariyajeda Halo', so Maldev captured Merta and Viramdev also went to Sher Shah Suri.

  • Battle of Malhar (1557 AD): Maldev vs. Rana Udai Singh (Loss)

  • Maldev-Humayun Relations:

    • After losing to Sher Shah Suri, Humayun was passing through Marwar and sent three envoys from a place called 'Jaitojirth' to Maldev for help:

      1. Mir Samand
      2. Attaka Khan
      3. Raymal Soni

    • Maldev gave a positive response and promised Humayun to give Bikaner and military aid.

    • But Humayun could not trust Maldev and, on the advice of his librarian 'Mulla Surkh,' he went towards Sindh (betrayal).

    • Raja Veersal Sodha of Amarkot gave shelter to Humayun.

    • If Humayun and Maldev had shown a little understanding, they could have formed an alliance against Sher Shah Suri and ended Afghan rule in India.

    • The relationship between the Mughals and the Rajputs started later by Akbar could have started at that time.

  • Sher Shah Suri and Maldev Relations:

  • Battle of Jaitaran/Giri-Sumel (January 5, 1544 AD): * Maldev vs. Sher Shah Suri * Jaita/Kalyanmal (Bikaner) * Kumpa/Viramdev (Merta)

    • Due to Sher Shah Suri's cunning, Maldev went to Jodhpur.
    • Jaita and Kumpa fought against Sher Shah Suri.
    • Sher Shah Suri won the war with the help of Jalal Khan Jalwani.
    • After winning, Sher Shah Suri said: "I would have lost the sovereignty of Hindustan for a handful of millets."
    • Sher Shah captured Jodhpur and handed it over to Khawas Khan.

  • Maldev had gone to Siwana (Barmer).

    • Siwana is the refuge of Marwar.
*   After some days, Maldev recaptured Jodhpur.

*  **Maldev made diplomatic mistakes in his relations with Sher Shah Suri:**
    1. He gave Viramdev and Kalyanmal a chance to go to Sher Shah. Otherwise, he could have formed a Rajput alliance against Sher Shah.
    2. If he had not fallen into Sher Shah's tricks, the "Battle of Giri-Sumel" would have been won.

  • Umada:

    • Maldev's queen, daughter of Loonkaran Bhatti of Jaisalmer.
    • Became angry with Maldev due to a maid named Bharamali. Hence, Umade is also called "Roothi Rani."
    • She spent some time at the Taragarh Fort in Ajmer.
      • Later, she went to Kelwa (Rajsamand).
    • Jala: A song sung by women when they go to see the camp of the marriage procession.

  • Court Scholars:

    1. Isardas Ji: A folk deity of western Rajasthan.
      • Books: Hala Jhala Ri Kundaliyan, Sur Satsai, Deviyan, Hariras
    2. Asanand Ji - Participated in Battle of Rutheli Padra * Books: Adi Ashtyan Ra Kavit, Baba-Abhli Ra Duha, Gogaji Ri Pedi.

  • Architecture: Maldev built the walls of Jodhpur.

    • Also constructed forts in Sojat (Pali), Pokaran (Jaisalmer), Riya (Nagaur), and Merta (Nagaur).
    • Rani Rasvade built the Swaroop Sagar lake in Jodhpur, also known as "Bahuji Ro Talab."

  • Titles: 1. Hindu Badshah. 2. Hashmat Wala Raja (By Abul Fazl and Nizamuddin).

    • Maldev made his younger son, Chandrasen, the king, instead of his elder sons, Ram and Udai Singh.
  1. Chandrasen (1562-81 AD):
    • He defeated his brothers Ram in the battle of Nadol (Pali) and Udai Singh in the battle of Losawat (Jodhpur).
      • Ram went to Akbar for help.
    • In 1564 AD, Akbar sent 'Hussain Quli Beg' to help Ram.
      • Chandrasen went to Bhadrajun (Jalore).
    • He went to Akbar’s Nagaur Darbar in 1570 AD, but returned without meeting Akbar as he saw that Akbar was leaning towards Udai Singh.
    • Akbar attacked Bhadrajun, so Chandrasen went to Siwana.
  • In 1574 AD, Akbar sent Rai Singh of Bikaner to attack.
    • Rai Singh snatched Sojat (Pali). But he could not win Siwana from Fala Ray Singh.
  • In 1576 AD, the Mughal commander Shahbaz Khan captured Siwana.
    • In 1576 AD, Chandrasen sold the fort of Pokaran to Harraj of Jaisalmer.
*   Chandrasen continued to struggle with Akbar throughout his life and did not accept Akbar's subordination.
* He killed the Mughal commander Jalal Khan in the Rampura region.
     * Madva

  • Chandrasen's companions were Sukhraj, Suja, and Devidas.

    • Chandrasen died in the village of Siriyai in the Saran hills (Pali) in 1581 AD (due to poisoning by Vairisal).

    Jodhpur -> Bhadrajun -> Siwana -> Piplud -> Kanuja -> Saran (Pali) Barmer

  • Titles:

    • Pratap of Marwar (by Vishweshwar Nath Reu)
    • Precursor of Pratap
    • The Forgotten King of Marwar

Similarities between Chandrasen and Pratap ​

  • Both did not accept Akbar's subordination.
  • Both followed guerilla warfare.
  • Both had to face opposition from their brothers.
  • Like Jagmal and Sagar opposed Pratap, and Ram and Uday Singh were against Chandrasen.
  • Both had to take refuge outside their state.
    • Like Pratap took refuge in the field of Haldighati (near the Mali river), and Askaran, the ruler of Dungarpur, gave refuge to Chandrasen.
  • Akbar captured most of the states of both, but still, they continued to struggle with the strength of a small piece of land.

Differences between Chandrasen and Pratap ​

  1. Pratap's opposition to the Mughals started with his coronation, but Chandrasen's opposition to the Mughals started after the Nagaur Darbar.
  2. Pratap's opposition to the Mughals continued even after his death through his son Amar Singh, but Chandrasen's opposition to the Mughals ended with his death.
  3. Pratap had a direct confrontation with Akbar, such as (i) the Battle of Haldighati (June 18, 1576 AD) and (ii) the Battle of Dewair (1582 AD). But Chandrasen could not do so.
  4. Pratap had established Chawand as his permanent center, but Chandrasen could not establish any such center.
  5. Pratap had spread unity and nationalist sentiments in Mewar, but Chandrasen could not do so.
  • Despite these differences, Chandrasen is called the Pratap of Marwar because:
    1. Chandrasen's geographical conditions were unfavorable compared to Pratap, because Mewar was a mountainous region where guerilla warfare could be carried out for a long time, while Marwar was a flat desert.
    2. Pratap received the support of philanthropic associates like Bhamashah and Tarachand, but Chandrasen lacked such support.

Nagaur Darbar (1570 AD) ​

  • Organized by Akbar.

  • Objective: Famine relief work.

  • Immediate Objective: To get the kings of Rajasthan to accept subordination.

  • Harraj of Jaisalmer, Udai Singh (Chandrasen's brother) (Jodhpur), and Kalyanmal (Bikaner) accepted Akbar's subordination.

    • During this, Akbar built the Shukra Pond (in Nagaur).

  • Significance:

    1. The kings of Rajasthan accepted subordination through diplomacy without any war.
    2. The kings of Rajasthan were divided into two parts: Mughal allies and Mughal opponents.
    3. A chain of dependent kings was formed, such as Rai Singh of Bikaner and Man Singh (Amer).
    4. A period of peace was established in Rajasthan, which promoted artistic activities.

  • Akbar appointed Rai Singh of Bikaner as the administrator of Jodhpur (1572-74 AD)

  • Later, Jodhpur was declared Khalsa (Land under the direct control of the central government)

  1. Mota Raja Udai Singh (1583-95 AD):

    • First ruler of Marwar to accept Akbar's subordination.
    • Married his daughter Jodha Bai (Manmati Bai) to Jahangir.
      • Manmati Bai's title: Jagat Gosai.
    • Son: Khurram (Shah Jahan).
    • Udai Singh's son, Kishan Singh, established Kishangarh in 1609 AD, making it the third center of the Rathore state.

  2. Kulla Raymalot:

    • Son of Raymal, brother of Uday Singh, and chieftain of Siwana.
    • Akbar attacked Siwana in 1589 AD.
    • At that time, Kulla Raymalot became the second protector of Siwana.
    • Kesaraiya - Kulla Raymalot
    • Jauhar - Aan Kanwar (Daughter of Rao Suraj)
    • Prithviraj Rathore wrote 'Marsiyas' for Kulla Raymalot.
      • Marsiyas: couplets written about bravery after death.

  3. Gaj Singh (1619-38 AD):

    • Son: Amar Singh - Nagaur.
    • He made his younger son Jaswant Singh the king (at the behest of his lover Anara Begum).
    • Jahangir gave Gaj Singh the title of 'Dal Thammann'.

  4. Amar Singh Rathore:

    • Ruler of Nagaur

    • Matire Ri Rad (Dispute over a watermelon) (1644 AD):

      • Amar Singh vs. Karan Singh (Bikaner) (Nakhalia) (Silwa) (Winner)

    • Information: Kasi Hangani (from Chhatrapati Raso)

    • Killed Mir Bakshi Salawat Khan in Shah Jahan's court (his minister).

    • Amar Singh is called 'Kalar ka Dhani.'

    • Murder: By his brother-in-law, Arjun Singh Gaur.

    • Cenotaph: Nagaur (16-pillared).

    • The Bukhara Gate of Agra (Fort) is called Amar Singh Gate.

      • Shah Jahan had it closed.
      • It was opened by George Stall in 1809 AD.

    • Later, Amar Singh became a hero of Rajasthan's folk songs and stories.

  5. Jaswant Singh (1638-78):

    • When he returned midway from the Battle of Dharmat (1658 AD - M.P), his Hada queen 'Jaswant De' closed the doors of the fort.
      • Dara vs. Aurangzeb + Murad (Jaswant Singh and Kasim Khan)
    • He had supported Shuja against Aurangzeb in the Battle of Khajwa (1659 - Agra).
    • Aurangzeb made Jaswant Singh the governor of Kabul (1673 AD)
    • Sent to South India to help Shaista Khan (1662 AD).
    • Died in 1678 AD at a place called Jamrud in Afghanistan.
    • At the behest of Mirza Raja Jai Singh, Jaswant Singh came over to Aurangzeb's side.
    • On his death, Aurangzeb said, "Today the door of infidelity is broken." (Idol worship/anti-religious)

  • Books: 1. Anand Vilas 3. Prabodh Chandrodaya 2. Bhasha Bhushan 4. Aparoksha Siddhantasara

  • Cultural Contributions:

    • Founded a city named Jaswantpura in Maharashtra.

    • Anar gardens in Jodhpur under the leadership of Chatraji Tahlot.

      • Rani Atiranga De: built the 'Rozhawat Ri Talab'.
      • Hada queen Jaswant De: built the 'Raika Bagh Mahal' and Kalyan Sagar (Ratanada) Lake.

    • Court Scholars:

      1. Muhnot Nainsi: (i) Nainsi ri Khyat (Ist of Rajasthan) (ii) Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat (Administrative text of Marwar) * Social-economic information of Marwar * Information about the census * It is also called the 'Gazette of Marwar'.
        • Nainsi committed suicide in jail with his brother Sundardas due to stress.
        • Munshi Deviprasad has called Nainsi ‘Abul Fazal of Rajputana’.
      2. Narharidas: Avatar Charitra.
      3. Naveen Kavi, 5. Suraj Mitra
      4. Neh Nidhan, 6. Kanharsi Das

  1. Prithvi Singh:

    • Son of Jaswant Singh.
    • Died while fighting a lion.
    • Aurangzeb killed him by presenting him with poisonous clothes.

  2. Ajit Singh and Dal Thammann:

    • Sons of Jaswant Singh.
*   Aurangzeb imprisoned them in 'Roop Singh Rathore, Haveli' (Delhi).

  1. Khalsa- A centrally controlled state

  2. Khuman Singh Rathore:

    • Grandson of Amar Singh and king of Nagaur.
    • Aurangzeb made him the administrator of Jodhpur after taking Rs 3 million, but the public did not accept it.
      • Aurangzeb declared Jodhpur Khalsa.

  3. Ajit Singh (1679-1724 AD):

  • Ajit Singh was brought to Marwar with the help of Durgadas Rathore, Mukunddas Khinchi, and Gaura.

  • Gaura: The Panna Dhai of Marwar

    • Her name is taken in the national anthem of the heroes of Rajasthan.
    • Cenotaph - Jodhpur.

  • Goura plan for orphan children - 2022. * Ajit Singh was kept at the house of Jaydev Purohit in the village of Kalikh Nam Than under the care of a safety khatri. * Aurangzeb gave the name 'Muhammadraj' to a fake Ajit Singh and handed him over to his daughter Zebunisha. * He was named Samarjit on the throne of Marwar.

  • Battle of Debari (1680 AD):

    • Aurangzeb defeated the combined armies of Mewar and Marwar.
*  Durgadas Rathore provoked Aurangzeb's son Akbar to rebel.
*   On January 1, 1681, Akbar was declared the Mughal emperor from Nadol (Pali).
*   Due to Aurangzeb's cunning, Durgadas and Akbar had to go near South (Shivaji's son).
  1. Kulukh Akbar and Safintunnisa:
    • Akbar's son and daughter, who were raised by Durgadas Ji, and handed them over to Aurangzeb at the behest of Ishwar Das Nagar.
  • In 1708 AD, Ajit Singh became the king of Jodhpur after the Debari Agreement. * Ajit Singh exiled Durgadas Rathore.
  • Ajit Singh married his daughter Indrakunwar to the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar. * Indrakanwar was the last Hindu princess to marry a Mughal emperor. * Ajit Singh was murdered by his son Bakht Singh. * Many animals and birds were burned to death in Ajit Singh's funeral.
  • Books: * Durga Path Bhasa * Nirvan Ra Duha * Guna Sagar * Ajit Singh Ri Kavita
    • Gaj Uddhar

Durgadas Rathore

  • Father: Aaskaran
    • Mother: Net Kanwar
    • Born: Salwa (Jodhpur)
  • Jagir: Lunewa (given by Aaskaran)
  • Durgadas struggled for 30 years (1678-1708) to make Ajit Singh the king. * Amar Singh II of Mewar gave Durgadas the jagirs of Rampura and Visnagar.
  • Cenotaph: Ujjain, on the banks of the Shipra River.
    • Titles:
      1. Ulysses of the Rathores (by James Tod)
      2. Garibaldi of Rajputana.
      3. Marwar Ra Anbindiya Moti (Unmatched Pearl of Marwar).
  • C.H. Ojha dedicated the second edition of his book 'History of Jodhpur State' to Durgadas Rathore.
  1. Abhay Singh (1724-49 AD):
  • Khejrali Incident: Bhadrapad Shukla Dashami Vikram Samvat- 1787 (1730 AD).
    • 363 people, led by Amrita Devi Vishnoi, were martyred to save trees.
    • A tree fair is held every year in Khejrali in its memory.
*   **Award in the field of environmental protection:**
     * "Amrita Vishnoi Wildlife Protection Award"
          * Government of India - Rs. 1,00,000 cash.

*  **Court Scholars:**
     1. Karanidan: *Suraj Prakash*, (Bodad Shringar)
     2. Vibhan: *Rajrupak*
   * Information about the Ahmedabad war in which Abhay Singh defeated the Governor of Gujarat, 'Sar Buland Khan', is obtained from these two books.
  1. Man Singh (1803-1843 AD): * When Man Singh was in Jalore, Devnath made a prophecy of him becoming a king (when he took shelter in Jalore after a dispute with Bhim Singh). * Man Singh built Mahamandir in Jodhpur for the Nath sect and wrote a book called “Nath Charitra.” * He is known as 'Sanyasi Raja of Marwar'. * He established a library named 'Maan Pustak Prakash' in Jodhpur. * Made a treaty with the British in 1818 AD.
  • In 1827 AD, he gave shelter to Appa Sahib Bhonsle of Nagpur against the British.
  • In 1832 AD, he boycotted Governor-General Lord William Bentinck's Ajmer Darbar.
  • Court Scholars:
    1. Kaviraja Bankidas Ji: (i) Bankidas Ri Khyat (ii) Man Jaso Mandan (iii) Daatar Bawano (52 couplets on charitable people) (iv) Kukavi Battisi (32 couplets on bad people)
    • Song: “Aayo Angrez Mulak Re Upar”
    • In this, the kings who supported the British have been criticized.
  • Note: Chhapania Famine = 1899 AD (Vikram Samvat - 1956).

Okay, here's a structured and translated version of the notes on the history of Bikaner, formatted in Markdown: