I. Modern Indian History (1901-1947) - Key Events and Figures

• 1905: Bengal Partition and Swadeshi Movement
  • Viceroy at the time: Lord Curzon.
  • August 7, 1905: Announcement of Bengal partition. In protest, the boycott of foreign goods began at Kolkata's Town Hall.
  • October 16, 1905: Date of Bengal's official partition; observed as Raksha Bandhan Day.
• 1907: Surat Session of Congress
  • President: Ras Bihari Ghosh.
  • Division of Congress: The Garam Dal (Extremists) and Naram Dal (Moderates) separated.
• 1909: Morley-Minto Act
  • Introduced the communal electoral system in India.
• 1915: Mahatma Gandhi's Return to India
  • January 9, 1915: Gandhi returned to India.
  • This date is celebrated as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Non-Resident Indian Day).
• 1916: Lucknow Session and Home Rule League
  • President: Ambica Charan Mazumdar.
  • Pact between Congress and Muslim League.
  • Reunion of Garam Dal and Naram Dal.
  • Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was established in this year.
  • Home Rule League Movement started, associated with Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
• 1917: Calcutta Session and Champaran Satyagraha
  • President of Calcutta Session: Annie Besant. She was the first woman president of Congress.
  • Champaran Satyagraha: Mahatma Gandhi participated for the first time. It took place in Bihar against the indigo cultivation (tinkathia system).
• 1919: Key Acts and Jallianwala Bagh
  • Rowlatt Act: Known as the law of "no appeal, no argument, no lawyer".
  • Montagu-Chelmsford Act: Introduced the dual system in provinces.
  • April 13, 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar. Sharshankar Nair was appointed as the lawyer from India's side.
• 1920: Non-Cooperation Movement
  • Started in this year.
  • Mahatma Gandhi renounced his Kaiser-e-Hind title during this movement.
• 1922: Chauri Chaura Incident
  • Occurred in February 1922 in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh.
  • Led to the termination of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• 1923: Swaraj Party
  • Founded by Chittaranjan Das (C.R. Das) and Motilal Nehru.
• 1924: Belgaum Session
  • President: Mahatma Gandhi (his first time as Congress President).
• 1925: Kanpur Session and Kakori Train Action
  • President of Kanpur Session: Sarojini Naidu (the first Indian woman president of Congress).
  • August 9, 1925: Kakori Train Action (formerly Kakori Train Dacoity). Participants included Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh, and Chandrashekhar Azad.
• 1927: Simon Commission Formation
  • Formed in 1927 with seven foreign members.
• 1928: Simon Commission in India and Nehru Report
  • The Commission arrived in India in 1928, leading to protests with slogans like "Simon Go Back".
  • Nehru Report was presented by Motilal Nehru.
• 1929: Lahore Session
  • President: Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • First demand for Purna Swaraj (Complete Self-Rule) was made here.
• 1930: Purna Swaraj Day and Civil Disobedience Movement
  • January 26, 1930: Purna Swaraj Day was declared.
  • Civil Disobedience Movement began.
  • Dandi March: Part of the Civil Disobedience Movement, it started on March 12, 1930, from Sabarmati Ashram and ended on April 6, 1930, in Dandi, protesting the salt tax.
  • First Round Table Conference: Started in the last months of 1930; Congress did not participate.
• 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact and Executions
  • March 5, 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact. This pact determined that Congress would participate in the Second Round Table Conference.
  • March 23, 1931: Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were hanged.
  • Second Round Table Conference: Mahatma Gandhi participated, travelling by the Rajputana ship.
• 1932: Communal Award and Poona Pact
  • Communal Award: Introduced by Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
  • September 1932: Poona Pact signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
• 1940: August Offer and Individual Satyagraha
  • August Offer was presented.
  • Individual Satyagraha Movement began; Vinoba Bhave was the first person to offer Satyagraha.
• 1942: Quit India Movement
  • August 9, 1942: Quit India Movement started.
  • Viceroy: Linlithgow.
  • Operation Zero Hours was initiated before the movement.
  • The slogan "Do or Die" was given.
• 1946: Cabinet Mission and Constituent Assembly
  • March 1946: Cabinet Mission was formed.
  • Members: Pethick Lawrence (Chairman), Alexander, and Stafford Cripps.
  • Purpose: To form a Constituent Assembly for India.
  • Proposed: One seat for every 10 lakh people, totaling 389 seats.
  • December 9, 1946: First meeting of the Constituent Assembly. Sachchidananda Sinha was appointed as the temporary president.
  • December 13, 1946: Objective Resolution (Preamble) was presented by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. It was accepted on January 22, 1947.
• 1947: Partition and Independence
  • June 3, 1947: Lord Mountbatten became Viceroy and declared the partition of India and Pakistan into two separate nations.
  • July 18, 1947: Indian Independence Act.
  • July 22, 1947: The National Flag of India was adopted.
• 1949-1950: Constitution of India
  • November 26, 1949: The Constitution of India was completed.
  • January 26, 1950: The Constitution of India was fully implemented. Sixteen articles were partially implemented on this date, including Citizenship (Part Two), as mentioned in Article 394.
  • January 24, 1950: The National Anthem and National Song were accepted.
  • January 28, 1950: The Supreme Court of India was formed.

II. Current Affairs & Recent Developments (as of 24 June 2025)

A. Geopolitical Conflicts and Operations

• Iran-Israel Conflict & US Involvement
  • Operation Rising Lion: Israel's initial attack on Iranian military bases and ballistic missile projects.
  • Operation True Promise: Iran's retaliatory missile attack on Israel.
  • Operation Midnight Hammer: The USA's attack on Iran's nuclear sites (Fordo, Natanz, Isfahan) using B2 Bomber aircraft and bunker buster bombs to dismantle Iran's nuclear capability.
  • In retaliation, Iran attacked US military bases in Qatar.
  • Ceasefire: Announced by Donald Trump between Iran and Israel.
  • Operation Sindhu: India's initiative to evacuate Indian citizens from Iran via Armenia.

B. Important Days and Celebrations

• United Nations Public Service Day
  • Celebrated on June 23.
  • Purpose: To honor public servants for improving citizens' quality of life.
  • First celebrated in 2003.
  • 2025 Theme: "Accelerating Public Service Delivery for a Sustainable Future".
• Olympic Day
  • Celebrated on June 23.
  • Commemorates the founding of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on June 23, 1894.
  • Founder: Pierre de Coubertin.
  • Headquarters: Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • First female president of IOC: Kirsty Coventry (from Zimbabwe).
• Civil Service Day (India)
  • Celebrated on April 21.
  • Commemorates Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's statement on April 21, 1947, calling civil service the "Steel Frame of India".
  • All India Services: IAS, IPS, and IFS (Indian Forest Service).
  • Mentioned in Article 312 of the Constitution.
• Ayurveda Day: Will be celebrated for the first time on September 23.

C. Sports Highlights

• 10th Women's T20 World Cup 2026
  • Host: England.
  • Will feature 12 teams, making it the largest T20 World Cup.
  • The 9th edition (2024) was won by New Zealand.
• ICC Women's One Day World Cup 2025: Will be hosted by India.
• Men's T20 World Cup: India won, with Rohit Sharma as captain; the final was in Barbados.
• 12th World Para Athletics Championship 2025
  • Host: New Delhi, India.
  • Brand Ambassador: Kangana Ranaut.
  • Mascot: Viraj (a young elephant with an artificial blade).
• Thailand Asian Para Badminton Championship
  • Host: Thailand.
  • India's Best Performance: Won a total of 27 medals (4 Gold, 10 Silver, 13 Bronze).
  • Notable Gold medalists: Nitish Kumar (also won a second gold in Paris Paralympics) and Manisha Ramdas.
• Cricket Achievements
  • Jasprit Bumrah: Became the first Asian bowler to take 150 Test wickets in SENA countries (South Africa, England, New Zealand, Australia) in 31 matches. He also has the most 5-wicket hauls in Test matches.
  • Rishabh Pant: Praised for his performance in recent Test matches in England.
  • World Test Championship: Won by South Africa, defeating Australia.

D. Appointments and Organizations

• PFRDA (Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority)
  • New Chairman: Shiv Subramanian Raman. He replaced Deepak Mohanty.
  • Tenure: 5 years or up to 65 years of age.
  • Key challenge: Implementing the National Pension Scheme (NPS).
  • Established: 2003 (became a statutory body in 2014 via an Act in 2013).
• IRDAI (Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India): Headquarters in Hyderabad.
• **Other Appointments **:
  • RBI Governor: Sanjay Malhotra.
  • Canada Prime Minister: Mark Koni.
  • CAG (Comptroller and Auditor General): Sanjay Murthy.
  • 52nd Chief Justice of India: Justice B.R. Gavai.
  • Chief Election Commissioner: Gyanesh Kumar.

E. Government Initiatives and Panels

• One Nation One Time Policy
  • Central Government declared mandatory use of Indian Standard Time (IST) across India for all administrative, legal, commercial, and digital work.
  • IST is based on 82.5° East Longitude.
  • Origin point: Mirzapur (near Allahabad) in Uttar Pradesh.
  • Passes through five states: Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha.
  • IST is GMT + 5.5 hours.
  • France has the most time zones globally.
• Hydro Power Decade (Arunachal Pradesh)
  • Chief Minister Pema Khandu declared 2025-2035 as the "Hydro Power Decade" for Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Target: Achieve 58,000 MW hydropower capacity within this period.
• Panel for Reviewing Entrance Exams and Coaching Centers
  • Chaired by Vineet Joshi (current Higher Education Secretary).
  • Objective: To reduce dependence on coaching centers for entrance examinations and address issues like "dummy candidates".
  • Aims to promote logical and analytical thinking in students, reduce rote learning, and encourage school attendance.
• Years Declared with Specific Themes (2025)
  • Year of Cooperation.
  • Year of Quantum Technology.
  • Year of Peace and Development.
  • Year of Glacier Conservation.
  • Year of Reforms (declared by the Army).
  • 2026: Year of Female Farmers.

F. Book Launches and Literary Works

• "Wings to Our Hopes Volume Two"
  • A collection of 51 speeches by President Droupadi Murmu.
  • Launched by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh.
• "Mahila Jeevan Swatantrata" (Woman Life Freedom)
  • A book about the 2022 Iranian uprising related to women's freedom and living conditions.
  • Authored by Choura Makarmi.

G. Other Significant News and Facts

• Project Kuiper: Amazon launched its first batch of 27 satellites for broadband internet.
• Sarnath Buddha Relics: Displayed for the first time in Vietnam during the UN Vesak Day 2025 ceremony.
• Operation Hawk: CBI dismantled an international online child sexual exploitation network.
• First Web Summit 2025: Inaugurated by PM Modi in Mumbai.
• First Transshipment Port (Vizhinjam): Inaugurated by PM Modi in Kerala.
• First AI-powered Real-time Forest Warning System: Launched by Madhya Pradesh.
• L.D. A New Story (Documentary): Martin Scorsese's documentary about Pope Francis's death.
• Global Press Freedom Index 2025: India's rank is 151.
• Anthony Albanese: Re-elected as Prime Minister of Australia.
• DRDO's New Missile Range (Navdurga): Foundation laid in Andhra Pradesh.
• Best Female Footballer Award (All India Football Federation, 2024-25): Awarded to Saumya.
• First 2 Genome-Edited Rice Varieties (DRR Sokumla and Marute 100 10): Related to rice.
• Baba Sivanand: Yoga practitioner and Padma Shri recipient (2022) passed away at 128 in Banaras.
• Baghlihar Dam: Located on the Chenab River, India has stopped water flow to Pakistan from this dam.
• 72nd Miss World Competition: Hosted by Hyderabad; winner was Opal Suchata from Thailand.
• WHO Recognition: Kozhikode recognized as an Age-Friendly City.
• 7th Khelo India Youth Games: Inaugurated by PM Modi in Bihar; mascot is Gaj Singh.
• First AI-based Data Center Park: Foundation laid in New Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
• UNDP Human Development Index 2023: India's rank is 130.
• First Inter-state Cheetah Corridor: Between Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
• Operation Sindoor: Indian Army's air strikes on 9 terrorist structures in Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (PoK).
• Pravin Sood: Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
• Free Trade Agreement: India signed with the UK (England) after 3 years of negotiations.
• Operation Gaiden Charits: Launched by Israel to eliminate Hamas in the Gaza Strip.
• UN Vaudeville Initiative: Related to combating terrorism.
• Pope Robert Provost (Leo XIV): From the USA.
• Arnala: India's first shallow water anti-submarine warfare craft in the Indian Navy.
• Operation Sankalp: Security forces killed 22 Naxalites in Chhattisgarh.
• BrahMos Unit: Inaugurated by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
• Operation Chakra Five: CBI uncovered a SIM fraud racket across 8 states.
• Operation Killer: Indian Army's operation in Shopian, Jammu & Kashmir, to eliminate terrorists.
• Highest GST Revenue Collection (FY 2024): Maharashtra.
• Third Indian Museum in UNESCO Water Heritage Museum International Network: Kozhikode.
• India's Largest Conservation Reserve (Tashrab Choo): Located in Himachal Pradesh, covering 10,585 sq km.
• World's First Commercial E-Methanol Plant: Started in Denmark.
• National Immunohematology Institute, Mumbai: Developed India's first National Rare Blood Donor Registry for patients with conditions like Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia.
• First Fully Solar-Powered State Assembly: Delhi Assembly.
• Guinness World Record for Yoga: Set in Visakhapatnam with over 300,000 participants.
• Manjhi Vasundhara 6.0 Scheme: In Maharashtra.
• AI 3D Video Communication Platform (Beam): (Launched, but further details are not specified).