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History of the Parmar Dynasty

This section details the history of the Parmar dynasty, their origins, branches, rulers, and cultural contributions.

Meaning of Parmar

• "Parmar" means "one who kills the enemy."

Sources of Information

• Parmar Inscriptions
• Navsahasankcharit, composed by poet Padmagupta (Parimel).

Parmar States/Principalities

1. Abu
2. Malwa
3. Vagad
4. Jalore
5. Kiradu

Parmars of Abu

• Origin Place: Abu is considered the origin place of the Parmars.

1. Dhoomraj: He was the founding patriarch of the Parmars.

2. Utpalraj: The genealogy of the Parmars of Abu begins with him.

3. Dharanivaraha:

   • Mularaj I, the Chalukya king of Gujarat, attacked Abu.
   • Dhaval Rathore gave him refuge at this time.
   • Source of information: Hastikundi inscription (Pali) of Dhaval Rathore (997 AD).
   • Dharani Varaha divided his kingdom into 9 parts, hence his kingdom was called 'Navakoti Marwar.'

4. Dhandhuk:

   • Bhim I, the Chalukya king of Gujarat, attacked Abu.
   • Dhandhuk went to Chittor with Bhoj Parmar.
   • Vimalshah mediated an agreement between Dhandhuk and Bhim I.
   • Vimalshah's Construction: Vimalshah built the Adinath Jain Temple (Rishabhdev) at Delwara, known as "Vimal Vasahi."
   • Colonel James Tod's Opinion: "It is the second most beautiful building in India after the Taj Mahal."
   • Lahini Devi's Construction: Dhandhuk's daughter, Lahini Devi, built the Sun Temple and Saraswati Bagdi (Lahini Bawdi) in Vasantgarh (Sirohi).
   • Most Sun Temples: Sirohi has the highest number of Sun Temples.

5. Vikramdev:

   • Title: Mahamandaleshwar.
   • Participated in the conflict between Arnoraj Chauhan and Kumarapal Chalukya.
   • Sources of information:
     1. Hemachandra: Dvyashraya Mahakavya
     2. Jinmandanopadhyaya: Kumarpal Prabandha

6. Dharavarsha:

   • Battle of Kayandra (1178 AD), Sirohi:
     • Muhammad Ghori (Ghazni) vs. Mularaj II (Chalukya).
     • (Protector - Nayika Devi)
   • Muhammad Ghori was defeated in this battle.
   • Dharavarsha could pierce three buffaloes with one arrow.
   • Sources of information:
     1. Statue of Dharavarsha in Achalgarh Fort.
     2. Patnarayan Temple inscription (Sirohi) - 1287 AD.

7. Prahladan Dev:

   • Younger brother of Dharavarsha Parmar.
   • Founded a city named 'Prahladanpur' (Gujarat).
   • Wrote a play named "Parth Parakram Vyayog."
   • Saved Abu during the attack by Prithviraj Chauhan.
   • Someshwar's Book: Kirti Kaumudi provides information about Prahladan Dev.

8. Som Singh:

   • Vastupal and Tejpal built the Neminath Jain Temple in Delwara, which is also called 'Lunvasahi.'
   • This temple is also known as the "Deorani-Jethani Temple."

9. Pratap Singh

   • He snatched Chandravati from Jaitra Singh of Mewar.

10. Vikram Singh: * From him, the Parmar kings of Abu began to hold the titles of 'Rawal' and 'Maharawal.' * The Songara Chauhans of Jalore captured the western part of Abu from the Parmar kings.

Parmars of Malwa

• Origin Place: Abu was their origin place.
• Capital: Dharanagari (Dhar).

1. Krishnaraja:

   • Other name: Upendra
   • His son, Umbar Singh, established the Parmar kingdom in Vagad.

2. Munj Parmar:

   • Attacked Raja Shakti Kumar of Mewar.
   • At this time, he destroyed Ahar (Udaipur) and took possession of the fort of Chittor.
   • At this time, Dhaval Rathore helped Shakti Kumar.
   • Source of Information: Hastikundi Inscription (Pali) - 997 AD.
   • He was killed while fighting against King Tailap II of Karnataka.

Court Scholars, Authors & Books

Court Scholar/Author		Book
Halayudha		Abhidhan Ratnamala
Padmagupta (Parimel)		Navsahasank Charit
Dhananjaya		Dasharupak
Dhanpal		Tilak Manjari

Titles

1. Kavi Vrish

2. Utpalraj

3. Shri Vallabh

4. Amoghvarsh

5. Vakpatiraj

6. Prithvi Vallabh

7. Sindhuraj - Brother of Munj Parmar / Title- Navsahasank

8. Bhoj:

   • Built the Tribhuvan Narayan Temple in Chittor (a temple of Lord Shiva).
   • Built the Bhojsar Lake near Nagda.
   • Built Bhojtal in M.P.
   • Built a Sanskrit school named 'Saraswati Kanthabharana' in his capital, Dharanagari.
   • Later, the Turks demolished this school and converted it into the 'Kamal Maula Mosque.'

• Books
  • Shringar Manjari Katha
  • Saraswati Kanthabharana * Kurmashatak (Prakrit language)
  • He had his verses written on the walls of Sanskrit schools.
  • He had the verses of Parijat Manjari written on the walls of Sanskrit Pathshala.
  • Other Books
    1. Samargan
    2. Vidujjan Mandal
• Parijat Manjari was written by Madan, a court scholar of Arjun Verma.

Parmars of Vagad

• Capital: Arthuna (Banswara)

1. Umbar Singh: He established the Parmar kingdom in Vagad. (Son of Krishnaraj of Malwa Parmar)

2. Mandlik:

   • Built the Mandaleshwar Temple in 'Panaheda' (Banswara).

3. Chavandray:

   • Built the Mandaleshwar Temple in 'Arthuna' (1079 AD).
   • In 1179 AD, Raja Samant Singh Guhil snatched Vagad from the Parmars.

This should provide a clear and structured overview of the Parmar dynasty based on the notes provided.