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Rajasthan's Climate

1. Meaning of Climate
2. What is the Climate of Rajasthan like?
3. Factors Affecting Climate
4. Climate Classification
5. Climate-Season Classification

1. Meaning of Climate

• Earth
  • Atmosphere
    • Long-term events = Climate
    • Short-term events = Weather

Long-term events in the atmosphere around the earth are called climate. Climate is determined based on the average weather conditions over 30 years.

2. What is the climate of Rajasthan like?

• A subtropical and arid climate is found in Rajasthan.

3. Factors Affecting Climate

• (Refer to the Geography of India)

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4. Climate Classification

• (i) General Classification - 5 types
• (ii) Individual Classification - 4 types
  • Based on Vegetation, Rainfall, Temperature - According to Köppen - 4 types
  • Based on Rainfall - According to Trewartha - 4 types
  • Based on Temperature, Evaporation, Rainfall - According to Thornthwaite - 4 types

(i) General Classification

• According to the general climate classification, the climate of Rajasthan is divided into five parts.
  • The basis of this classification is temperature and rainfall.

Type of Climate	Average Rainfall	Physiographic Region
Arid Tropical	0-20 cm	Desert
Semi-Arid	20-40 cm	Desert
Sub-Humid	40-60 cm	Aravali
Humid	60-80 cm	Eastern Plains
Extremely Humid	80-120 cm	Hadoti-Mahi Basin

1. Arid Tropical 3. Sub-Humid 5. Extremely Humid
2. Semi-Arid climate 4. Humid climate

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(ii) Individual Classification

(1) Köppen's Climate Classification

• According to Köppen, the climate of Rajasthan is divided into 4 parts.
  • The basis of this classification is vegetation (main), rainfall, and temperature.

Letters	Climate Classification
E	Polar Equivalent
D	Frost Equivalent
BW	Whole Arid (Dry)
BS	Semi-Arid
B	Subtropical - precipitation
A	Subtropical - Temperature
O	A-Hot

D and E type of climate is not found in Rajasthan

• A > Aw > Hot
• B > BWhw > Arid w = winter dry
  • BShw > Semi-arid Average Temperature - h = hot
• C > Cwg > Subtropical More than 18°C. g = gangetic Gangetic Plain

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Regions	Climate Type as per Koopen
Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh	BWhw
Bikaner, Churu, Jaisalmer	BWhw
Pali, Barmer, Jodhpur, Jalore	BShw
Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Partial Churu, Nagaur	BShw
Alwar, Bharatpur, Karauli, Dholpur	Cwg
Ajmer, Bhilwara, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Dausa	Cwg
Rajsamand, Sirohi, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Udaipur, Jaipur	Cwg
Vagad Region: Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh	Aw
Hadoti: Kota, Baran, Jhalawar, Partial Chittorgarh	Aw

• 1. Aw - Hot

  • Hot and humid climate is found here.
  • Vegetation - Savannah vegetation is more widespread.

• Vagad region, Hadoti

• Vagad region Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh & Hadoti Kota, Baran, Jhalawar, and partial Chittorgarh.

  • Feature: High vegetation density is found in this area because the amount of rainfall is high.

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• 2. BWhw

  • Climate: Arid desert climate is found here.
  • Vegetation: Xerophytic/thorny vegetation (Cactus), Date palm, Danda Thor
  • Extent: Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Churu, Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh
  • Feature: Vegetation density is low here because rainfall is less.

• 3. BShw

  • Climate: Semi-arid or steppe-like
  • Vegetation: Steppe vegetation (short grass)
  • Extent: Luni Basin (Jodhpur, Pali, Barmer, Jalore), Nagaur, Shekhawati (Sikar, Jhunjhunu, partial Churu)

• Feature: More livestock. * Note: According to Köppen, BShw is the largest climatic region of Rajasthan.

• 4. Cwg (Subtropical-Sub-humid Climate Region)

  • Vegetation: Dry monsoon/deciduous
  • Extent: ABCD- Alwar, Bharatpur, Karauli, Dholpur; ABCD- Ajmer, Bhilwara, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Dausa; RSTU- Rajsamand, Sirohi, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Udaipur, Jaipur

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• Feature:
  • Higher agricultural productivity.
• Higher population density.
• Fertile alluvial soil.

(2) Trewartha's Climate Classification:

• According to Trewartha, the climate of Rajasthan is divided into 4 parts.
  • Basis of Classification - Rainfall (mainly)

Koopen	Trewartha	Average Rainfall
Aw	Aw	100 cm
BWhw	BWh	10 cm
BShw	BSh	30 cm
Cwg	Csw	70 cm
a = hot summer season

(3) Thornthwaite's Climate Classification:

• According to Thornthwaite, the climate of Rajasthan is divided into 4 parts.
  • Basis of Classification: Temperature, Evaporation, Rainfall
  • Classification-related terminology:
    • A = Extremely Humid
    • B = Humid
    • C = Sub-Humid
    • D = Semi-Arid
    • E = Arid
    • Note: A and B type climate is not found in Rajasthan.
  • Temperature-related terminology:
    • Mesothermal
    • Megathermal

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• C > C A'w w-> Winter Dry

• D > D A'w d -> Every season dry/low rainfall

  D B'w

• E > E A'd

• DB'W

• CA'w (Sub-humid climate)

• DA'w

1. C A'w

   • Climate: Sub-humid climate
   • Extent:
   • Vagad: Pratapgarh, Banswara, Dungarpur
   • Hadoti: Kota, Baran, Jhalawar, partial Chittorgarh

2. D A'w

   • Climate: Semi-arid climate
     • Extent:
       • ABCD- Alwar, Bharatpur, Karauli, Dholpur
       • ABCD- Ajmer, Bhilwara, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Dausa
       • RSTU- Rajsamand, Sirohi, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Udaipur
       • Sikar
       • PNJ: Pali, Nagaur, Jalore, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Jhunjhunu
   • According to Thornthwaite, DA'W is the largest climate region of Rajasthan.

3. D B'w

   • Climate: Arid Semi-Arid climate
     • Extent: Sri Ganganagar - Hanumangarh, Bikaner-Churu

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4. E A'd
   • Climate: Arid Desert climate
     • Extent: Jaisalmer, Barmer, West Jodhpur, South-West Bikaner
   • In the individual climate classifications, Thornthwaite's climate classification is more valid.

5. Climate-Season Classification

Seasons	Time
a. Summer	March-June	Loo - Dust Storms - Whirlwind
b. Monsoon	July-September	Monsoon Retreat
c. Autumn	Oct-Nov
d. Winter	Dec-Feb	Cold Wave

• a. Summer Season

  • (i) Loo: Hot and dry winds that blow in summer are called Loo.

    • Reason: Advective flow of winds.
      • Ground
      • Wind
    • Main Affected Area: Barmer (North-West Rajasthan)

  • (ii) Dust Storm: Dust-laden humid winds in summer are called Dust Storms.

  • Low pressure area

  • Convective flow

    • Higher Temperature

  * Lower Temperature
  

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• Main Affected Area by Dust Storms: Ganganagar (27 days of dust storms) (North Rajasthan)

  • Note:
    • The event that increases the temperature in the summer is the Loo.
    • The event that decreases the temperature in the summer is the Dust Storm.
  • (iii) Whirlwind: The dust-laden and cyclonic winds in summer are called Whirlwinds.
    • Reason: Low pressure in the center and high pressure at the periphery
    • Peripheral Air Pressure
    • Center Temperature, Air Pressure
    • Affected Area: Bikaner (mainly)

• Important Facts:

  1. Hottest Month in Rajasthan - June
  2. Hottest District (Place) in Rajasthan -
     • District: Churu
     • District - Phalodi (Jodhpur)
  3. Coldest Place (Lowest temperature) in Summer in Rajasthan:
     • District-Sirohi
     • Place - Mt. Abu
  4. Temperature Range: Difference between high and low temperatures.
     • High Temperature = 40°C -22°C
  • Low Temperature= 18°C * Highest Temperature in Rajasthan: On an annual basis - Churu; On a daily basis - Jaisalmer

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(b) Rainy Season

Monsoon

Introduction, Monsoon Name, Monsoon Dates, Monsoon Branches, Monsoon Effect

1. Introduction - Its root word is mausam. It is a word of Arabic language.

• Unuk = Al Mussi
• Meaning = Change in season / Change in direction of seasonal winds which move from water to land.

2. Monsoon Name -

• The monsoon of India or Rajasthan is called the South-West monsoon which comes from the Indian Ocean.

3. Monsoon Date (Only RAS pre)

Arrival Date	India	Rajasthan
First Arrival (22 May) - Andaman Nicobar
Arrival on Mainland (Kerala) (Malabar Coast) (1 June)
Arrival on Mainland (25 June) Banswara, Dungarpur
Arrival in North India (16 Sep- 30 Sep.)
Arrival in Eastern India (31 Oct)
Departure Date
India	Rajasthan

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• Note: The nature of the monsoon in Rajasthan is that it arrives late and leaves early.

Monsoon Branches

• Himachal Branch
• Kutch Region
• Sea Coast
• Arabian Sea
• Western Ghat
• Chota Nagpur Plateau
• Purvai
• Bay of Bengal
  • Monsoon Branches

    • Arabian Sea Branches

    • Bay of Bengal Branches

      • Western Ghat Branch
      • Chota Nagpur Branch
      • (Rajasthan) Himachal Branch
      • Eastern Himalaya Branch
      • Shivalik Branch or branch of the great Northern Plains (Rajasthan)

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1. Arabian Sea/Himachal Branch:

   • This branch reaches Rajasthan but does not cause much rain. It is parallel to the Aravali Range.
     • The Arabian Sea branch is the main source of humidity in Rajasthan.

2. Bay of Bengal/Shivalik Branch:

   • This branch helps in causing maximum rainfall.
   • Purvai: The monsoon winds coming from the Bay of Bengal side are called 'Purvai' in Rajasthan.

Impact of Monsoon:

	Most Rainfall	Least Rainfall
District	Jhalawar	Jaisalmer
Place	Mount Abu	Sam
Average Rainfall		Bikaner (Jaisalmer) (10cm)

• Average Annual Rainfall of Rajasthan: 57.5 cm / 575 mm

  1. Monsoon Effect by Direction:

     	Minimum Rainfall
     Direction of Monsoon	South West
     	Maximum Rainfall Direction	From South-West Direction

      |     |  Maximum Rainfall   |  |
     

     |-------------------------------------|---------------------------------|---| | N E | Decreasing Order of Rainfall | | | | Decreasing Order of Rainfall | |

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Other Important Points:

• Isohyetal Line: A line joining places with equal rainfall on a map is called an 'Isohyetal Line.'

  • 25 cm Isohyetal Line
  • 40 cm Isohyetal Line
  • 50 cm Isohyetal Line *Arid *Semi-Arid

• 1. 25 cm Isohyetal Line: This line divides the desert into two parts. * (1) Arid Desert (1 lakh km²) * (2) Semi-Arid Desert (75000 km²)

• 2. 40 cm Isohyetal Line: This line divides Rajasthan into two equal parts. This rainfall line is the eastern border of the west desert.

• 3. 50 cm Isohyetal Line: (500mm) This Isohyetal line is located on Aravali, which separates the eastern plain and the western desert.

• (2) Monsoon Uncertainty: (Change in dates of monsoon)

• Uncertainty = 1/year

  • Uncertainty ↑ Rainfall ↓

  • Uncertainty ↓ Rainfall ↑

  • Note:

    • Kal ka ped rengani
    • Or Madhotarm Jhalawar

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• (3) Variability in Monsoon: * (Change in the amount of rainfall) * Variability ↑ Rainfall ↑ * Variability ↓ Rainfall ↑

(c) Autumn Season

• Monsoon Retreat: The event of the monsoon returning is called the monsoon retreat.

  • Time: OCT-NOV

• Kartik or October Heat:

  • The sudden increase in temperature during monsoon retreat is called Kartik Heat.
    • Reason: Decrease in atmospheric humidity and increase in ground humidity.

(d) Winter Season

• Mawat: Rainfall in the winter season, which comes from the Mediterranean Sea due to western disturbances (Jet Stream).

  • Time: December-March

  • Spatial Impact of Mawat: Jet Stream

    • Mediterranean Sea- Himalayas
    • Humid J. K., Ladakh, H. P
      • UK, Punjab, H.R., Delhi, U.P., Raj.

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• <- Affected area by Mawat: Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner (North-West Rajasthan)
• <- Benefited Crop: Rabi Crop (mainly wheat).
  • Note: Mawat is also called 'Golden Drop' because wheat is a beneficiary of this rainfall.

Total Annual Rainfall of Rajasthan

• 2 Types:

• Monsoonal 90%

• Mawat 10%

• Cold Wave:

  • Cold winds coming from the Himalayas in the winter season are called cold waves.

    • Himalayas

    • Temperature and Air pressure

    • <-Direction: North-East to South-West

    • <- Affected Area: Churu (mainly), Sikar, Bikaner

Other Important Facts

1. Isobar Lines: Lines joining places with equal air pressure on a map.

	Isobar Lines
January (Temp ↓ Air Pressure↑)	July(Temp↑ Air Pressure ↓)
1018 Mb	997 Mb
1019 Mb	998 Mb
	1000 Mb

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1. January - Temperature ↓, Air Pressure ↑

   • Bikaner
   • Churu
   • Sikar
   • Jaisalmer
   • Jodhpur
   • Pali
   • Rajsamand- Chittorgarh
   • Jhalawar

2. July - Temperature ↑, Air Pressure ↓

   • Anupgarh, Sri Ganganagar
   • Bikaner
   • Jaisalmer
   • Nagaur
   • Jodhpur, Pali, Ajmer, Tonk, Sawai Madhopur
   • Sirohi
   • Jhalawar
   • Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh

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