Rajasthan

Appearance

Modern Indian History (1901-1950) ​

  • 1905:
    • August 7: Swadeshi Movement launched in Calcutta's Town Hall against Bengal Partition; boycott of foreign goods began. Lord Curzon was Viceroy.
    • October 16: Bengal Partition implemented, observed as Raksha Bandhan Day.
  • 1907:
    • Surat Session of Indian National Congress; Rash Behari Ghosh presided.
    • Congress split into Extremist (Lal-Bal-Pal) and Moderate factions.
  • 1909:
    • Morley-Minto Act introduced communal electorate system in India.
  • 1915 (January 9):
    • Mahatma Gandhi returned to India (celebrated as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas).
  • 1916:
    • Lucknow Session of Congress; Ambica Charan Mazumdar presided.
    • Congress and Muslim League signed a pact.
    • Extremist and Moderate factions of Congress reunited.
    • Establishment of Banaras Hindu University (BHU).
    • Home Rule League Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
  • 1917:
    • Kolkata Session of Congress; Annie Besant became the first woman president.
    • Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar, led by Mahatma Gandhi (first participation) against indigo cultivation and Tinkathia system.
  • 1919:
    • Rowlatt Act ("no appeal, no argument, no lawyer").
    • Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms introduced dyarchy (dual system) in provinces.
    • April 13: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar.
  • 1920:
    • Non-Cooperation Movement launched; Mahatma Gandhi renounced his Kaiser-e-Hind title.
  • 1922 (February):
    • Chauri Chaura incident in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh; Non-Cooperation Movement called off.
  • 1923:
    • Swaraj Party founded by Chittaranjan Das (C.R. Das) and Motilal Nehru.
  • 1924:
    • Belgaum Session of Congress; Mahatma Gandhi presided (only time).
  • 1925:
    • Kanpur Session of Congress; Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian woman president.
    • August 9: Kakori Train Action (formerly Kakori Train Robbery) involving Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh, and Chandrashekhar Azad.
  • 1927:
    • Simon Commission formed (7 members, all foreigners).
  • 1928:
    • Simon Commission arrived in India, met with "Simon Go Back" protests.
    • Nehru Report presented by Motilal Nehru.
  • 1929:
    • Lahore Session of Congress; Jawaharlal Nehru presided.
    • Demand for Purna Swaraj (complete self-rule) first made.
  • 1930:
    • January 26: Purna Swaraj Day declared.
    • Civil Disobedience Movement launched.
    • March 12 - April 6: Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi.
    • First Round Table Conference held (Congress did not participate).
  • 1931:
    • March 5: Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed; Congress agreed to participate in Second Round Table Conference.
    • March 23: Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev hanged.
    • Second Round Table Conference held (Mahatma Gandhi participated, traveling by SS Rajputana ship).
  • 1932:
    • Communal Award announced by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
    • September: Poona Pact signed between Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar.
  • 1940:
    • August Offer announced.
    • Individual Satyagraha Movement launched; Vinoba Bhave was the first Satyagrahi.
  • 1942 (August 9):
    • Quit India Movement launched; Linlithgow was Viceroy.
    • "Do or Die" slogan given.
  • 1946 (March):
    • Cabinet Mission formed (Pethick-Lawrence, A.V. Alexander, Stafford Cripps).
    • Proposed formation of Constituent Assembly (1 seat for every 10 lakh population, total 389 seats).
    • December 9: First meeting of Constituent Assembly; Sachchidananda Sinha appointed temporary president.
    • December 13: Objective Resolution (Preamble) presented by Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • 1947 (January 22):
    • Objective Resolution accepted.
    • June 3: Mountbatten Plan announced, proposing partition of India and Pakistan.
    • July 18: Indian Independence Act passed.
    • July 22: National Flag adopted.
  • 1949 (November 26):
    • Indian Constitution adopted (some articles, incl. citizenship, enacted immediately as per Article 394).
  • 1950 (January 24):
    • Constituent Assembly members signed the Constitution.
    • National Anthem and National Song adopted.
    • January 26: Indian Constitution fully implemented.
    • January 28: Supreme Court of India inaugurated.

Current Affairs ​

International Affairs ​

  • UN General Assembly (UNGA) 80th Session:
    • Began on September 23, in New York (Manhattan Island).
    • Presided over by Analena Baerbock (Germany).
    • Brazil will be the first country to speak in the debate.
    • India's Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar will participate.
    • Theme: "Together for a better..."
    • First person to deliver a speech in Hindi at UNGA: Atal Bihari Vajpayee (then Foreign Minister).
    • 79th session president: Philemon Young (Cameroon).
    • Syrian President Ahmed Al-Sara will address the assembly, first time since 1967.
  • International Criminal Court (ICC):
    • Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands.
    • Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger have announced their withdrawal from the ICC.
    • Reason cited: ICC is a tool of neo-colonial oppression and has failed to deliver justice in cases of genocide and crimes against humanity.
    • ICC issued a notice against former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte for alleged crimes against humanity.
  • Supercomputer - Jupiter:
    • World's 4th fastest supercomputer.
    • Europe's fastest supercomputer.
    • Launched in Germany.
    • Speed: 10^18 calculations per second (exascale performance).
    • Utilizes 24,000 NVIDIA chips.
  • Baton d'Or Award 2025 (Football):
    • Men's winner: Ousmane Dembélé (France).
    • Women's winner: Aitana Bonmatí (Spain) - won for the third consecutive time.
    • Most wins (male): Lionel Messi (8 times).

National Affairs (India) ​

  • Indian Army Exercise 'Divya Drishti': High-altitude technical demonstration exercise held in Sikkim.
  • VC Roy Football Trophy 2025-26: Won by Manipur.
  • First Make in India 1 MW Green Hydrogen Plant: Established in Kandla, Gujarat.
  • SRY Gene Technology: Related to sex determination.
  • Maitri 2.0 Cross Incubation Program:
    • Collaboration between Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and Brazil.
    • Objective: Promote agricultural startups and innovation to strengthen farmers.
    • ICAR Head: Mangilal Jat.
  • Faceless GST Act Pilot Project: First state to start: Kerala.
  • ISRO's Hope Mission: Launched in Ladakh to replicate life on the Moon.
  • National Ayurveda Day 2025:
    • Celebrated on September 23 for the first time on a fixed date (previously on Dhanteras).
    • Theme: "Ayurveda for People and Planet."
    • Organized by the AYUSH Ministry.
    • Host: All India Ayurveda Council, Goa. Inaugurated by Goa Governor Ashok Gajapathi Raju.
    • September 23 is also International Day of Sign Languages.
    • September 23, 2018: Ayushman Bharat Yojana launched from Ranchi, Jharkhand, offering ₹5 lakh health insurance per family.
    • March 21 & September 23: Equinox, when day and night are equal.
  • World Food India 2025:
    • Scheduled from September 25-28 in New Delhi.
    • Organized by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (Minister: Chirag Paswan).
    • Partner Countries: Saudi Arabia and New Zealand.
    • Focus Countries: Japan, Russia, UAE, and Vietnam.
    • Fourth edition, to be inaugurated by the Prime Minister.
  • First FIFA Talent Academy for Girls: To be established in Hyderabad by FIFA and AIFF.
  • Operation Sahyog: Launched by Assam Rifles and Indian Air Force in Manipur to aid landslide-affected villages.
  • Satyapal Malik: Former Governor of Jammu & Kashmir, passed away.
  • Pan American Hockey Cup 2025: Gold won by both men's and women's teams of Argentina.
  • Barren Island Volcano:
    • Low-intensity eruption observed in India's only active volcano in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
    • Active due to the subduction zone of the Indian and Burmese plates.
    • Narcondam is another volcano in Andaman and Nicobar (dormant).
    • 10 Degree Channel separates Andaman from Nicobar.
    • New capital of Andaman and Nicobar: Sri Vijayapuram (previously Port Blair).
  • Global AI City Index 2025: Bengaluru ranked 26th.
  • International Solar Alliance (ISA): Moldova became the 107th member country.
  • Dhruv Space's First Commercial Mission (LEAP First): Launched with Falcon 9 rocket.
  • SC/ST Reservation Bill: Lok Sabha passed a bill to provide reservation for SC/ST in the Goa Assembly.
  • Rosh Hashanah: Jewish New Year festival; PM Modi extended greetings. Means "head of the year" in Hebrew. A time for seeking forgiveness. Similar to the Zoroastrian New Year (Nowruz).
  • Ramdhari Singh Dinkar:
    • National Poet (Rashtrakavi), his birth anniversary was on September 23.
    • Born in Begusarai, Bihar, known for "Veer Ras" (heroic poetry).
    • Works include: Vijay Sandesh (first work), Urvashi (Jnanpith Award), Rashmirathi, Renuka.
    • Famous quote: "सिंहासन खाली करो कि जनता आती है।"
    • Indian government issued a postal stamp in his honor in 1999.
  • Mukhyamantri Nijjut Mohini (Chief Minister's Educational Empowerment Scheme): Launched in Assam to promote higher education for girls.
  • SCO Summit 25: Held in Tianjin, China.
  • Khir Ganga River Flood: Caused by heavy rainfall in Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand.
  • 12th World Games: Held in China.
  • BCCI New President:
    • Mithun Manhas appointed, replacing Roger Binny.
    • Former Chennai Super Kings and Delhi batsman. First player from Jammu and Kashmir to play in IPL.
    • Secretary: Devjit Sekia; Vice President: Rajiv Shukla.
    • Headquarters: Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai.
  • Sign Language Experts in Juvenile Justice Act Panel: Punjab is the first state to include them.
  • First Global MS Swaminathan Award 2025: Awarded to Dr. Edemola Adela from Nigeria.
  • Capacity Building Commission New Chairman: S. Radha Chauhan.
  • First District Flood Severity Index: Developed by IIT Delhi and IIT Gandhinagar, Patna, Bihar ranked first.
  • Ahmadnagar Railway Station Renamed: To Ahilyanagar Railway Station in Maharashtra.

Miscellaneous ​

  • Iron Beam: Associated with Israel.
  • PN7 Arjun Telescope: Located in Hawaii.
  • Amogh Fury Agni Exercise: Held in Rajasthan.
  • ITBP Director General: Praveen Kumar.
  • India's Largest Cruise Terminal: Opened in Mumbai.
  • Book "Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Vishwas, Prayas": Launched by CP Radhakrishnan.
  • 28th National Conference on e-Governance: Held in Visakhapatnam.
  • APJ Abdul Kalam Science City: Located in Patna.
  • Fastest Century in ODIs (Women): Smriti Mandhana.
  • International Day of Peace: September 21.