Constitutional Amendments

• Article 368: Constitution Amendment process, detailed in Part XX of the Constitution, adopted from South Africa.

• Amendment Acts: 106 Constitution Amendment Acts have been passed to date.

• 129th Constitution Amendment Bill: Introduced for "One Nation One Election."

• Key Amendments:

  • 1st Amendment (1951): Added Schedule 9 (Land Reforms).
  • 7th Amendment (1956): Related to State Reorganisation.
  • 21st Amendment (1967): Added Sindhi as the 15th language to Schedule 8.
  • 26th Amendment (1971): Abolished Privy Purses.
  • 36th Amendment (1975): Granted Sikkim full statehood.
  • 42nd Amendment (1976) - "Mini Constitution":
    • Amended Preamble: Added "Socialist," "Secular," and "Integrity."
    • Added Part IV A (Fundamental Duties), Article 51A.
    • Added Article 39A (Free Legal Aid).
    • Added Article 48A (Environmental and Forest Protection).
    • Added Part XIV A (Tribunals), Articles 323A and 323B.
    • Transferred five subjects (Education, Forest, Wild Animals & Birds, Weights & Measures, Administration of Justice) from State List to Concurrent List.
  • 44th Amendment (1978): Removed Right to Property from Fundamental Rights, making it a legal right under Article 300A.
  • 52nd Amendment (1985): Added Schedule 10 (Anti-defection Law).
  • 61st Amendment (1989): Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years.
  • 69th Amendment (1991): Designated Delhi as the National Capital Region (NCR) and introduced special provisions, including a 10% limit on the number of ministers for Delhi.
  • 70th Amendment (1992): Included elected MLAs of Delhi and Puducherry in Presidential elections.
  • 71st Amendment (1992): Added three languages (Nepali, Manipuri, Konkani) to Schedule 8, bringing the total to 18.
  • 73rd Amendment (1992): Implemented on April 24, 1993, adding Part IX and Schedule 11 (29 subjects) for Panchayati Raj/Rural Local Self-Government.
  • 74th Amendment (1992): Related to Urban Local Bodies (Nagar Nikay), adding Part IX A and Schedule 12.
  • 86th Amendment (2002): Added Article 21A (Right to Education as a Fundamental Right) and the 11th Fundamental Duty (Article 51A(k)).
  • 89th Amendment (2003): Created the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) by adding Article 338A.
  • 91st Amendment (2003): Limited the size of the Council of Ministers to 15% of the Lok Sabha at the Centre and 15% of the Assembly members in States (10% for Delhi).
  • 92nd Amendment (2003): Added four languages (Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali) to Schedule 8, bringing the total to 22.
  • 97th Amendment (2011): Added Part IX B (Cooperative Societies) and Article 43B.
  • 99th Amendment (2014): Established the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) but was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
  • 100th Amendment (2015): Related to the Land Boundary Agreement (Teen Bigha Corridor) between India and Bangladesh.
  • 101st Amendment (2016): Introduced Goods and Services Tax (GST), implemented on July 1, 2017.
  • 102nd Amendment (2018): Granted constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) by adding Article 338B.
  • 103rd Amendment (2019): Provided 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), adding Articles 15(6) and 16(6).
  • 104th Amendment (2020): Extended SC/ST reservation in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for 10 years and discontinued reservation for Anglo-Indians.
  • 105th Amendment (2021): Restored states' power to identify and specify Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) for the OBC list.
  • 106th Amendment (2023): "Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam" (Women's Reservation Bill) providing 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, to be implemented after delimitation and census.

National Current Affairs

• Eighth Pay Commission:
  • Cabinet approved its formation.
  • Chairperson: Justice Ranjana Desai.
  • Members: Pulak Ghosh, Pankaj Jain (Secretary Member).
  • Justice Ranjana Desai also headed committees for Uniform Civil Code in Uttarakhand and Gujarat.
  • Expected implementation from January 1, 2026.
  • The First Pay Commission (1947) was headed by Srinivasan Vardachari.
• Divya Drishti Exercise: High-altitude technology demonstration exercise by Indian Army in Sikkim.
• Dr. B.C. Roy Football Trophy 2025-26: Won by Manipur.
• Green Hydrogen Plant: India's first Make in India 1 MW green hydrogen plant started in Kandla, Gujarat.
• Faceless GST Adjudication Pilot Project: Kerala is the first state to implement it.
• Hope Mission: ISRO's mission to mimic life on the Moon, launched in Ladakh.
• Trishul Exercise:
  • Conducted by all three Indian armed forces (Army, Navy, Air Force) on the Western border (Rajasthan, Gujarat), focusing on Sir Creek.
  • Starts October 30.
  • Current Service Chiefs:
    • Army Chief: Upendra Dwivedi
    • Navy Chief: Dinesh Kumar Tripathi
    • Air Force Chief: Amarpreeet Singh
    • CDS: Anil Chauhan (2nd CDS).
• Operation 'Apna Ghar': National initiative for truck drivers by the Ministry of Petroleum.
• Gomti Nagar Railway Station: First private railway station in Uttar Pradesh.
• "The Rise of the Hitman" Book: By R Kaushik, on Rohit Sharma.
• WHO-ICH Workshop: On herbal medicine safety regulation, held in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.
• FIFA Talent Academy for Girls: First in India, established by FIFA and AIFF in Hyderabad.
• Operation Sahyog: By Assam Rifles and Indian Air Force for landslide-affected villages in Manipur.
• Late Satyapal Malik: Former Governor of Jammu & Kashmir passed away.
• Dr. K Matangi Ramakrishnan: Renowned plastic and reconstructive surgeon passed away in Chennai.
  • Known for plastic surgery for burn victims and pioneering Collagen Therapy.
  • Awarded Padma Shri in 2022.
  • Established the first government-run comprehensive burn unit in South India.
• Chief Minister Nijut Mohini Yojana: Launched in Assam to promote higher education for girls.
• Khir Ganga River: Flash floods caused damage in Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand.
• Viman Yojana: Launched by the Odisha government to promote the aviation sector in Eastern India.
• Rani Chennamma Commemorative Coin: Government of India issued a ₹200 commemorative coin for Rani Chennamma of Kittur (Karnataka), marking the 200th anniversary of her fight against the British in 1824.

International Current Affairs

• World Food Prize Foundation's Top Agri-Food Leader Award: Awarded to Chef Sanjeev Kapoor for promoting nutritious home-cooked food.
  • Foundation established in 1986 by Norman Borlaug.
  • "Children's Booker Award" to start in 2027 for authors aged 8-12.
  • International Booker Prize 2025: "Heart Lamp" by Bhanu Mustaq (Kannada, translated by Deepa Bisht).
• Trachoma Eradication: Fiji became the 26th country to eliminate Trachoma as a public health problem, as announced by WHO.
  • Trachoma causes blindness and is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD).
  • India declared Trachoma-free in October 2024.
• Klyuchevskaya Sopka Volcano: Erupted recently in Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia.
• 2025 World Junior Team Squash Championship: India won a Bronze Medal after 13 years.
• Taftan Volcano (Iran): Located near the Afghanistan border, showing signs of activity after 700,000 years of dormancy.
  • Another eruption: Rincón de la Vieja Volcano in Costa Rica.
• First Chess E-Sport World Cup 2025 (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia): Won by Magnus Carlsen.
• Pan American Hockey Cup 2025: Argentina's men's and women's teams won Gold.
• Asia Pacific City Summit & Mayors Forum: Held in Expo City Dubai (venue of COP28).
  • Attended by urban leaders from ~600 cities (15,000 leaders).
  • Theme: "Collaborate, Inspire, Transform."
• International Rice Conference: Will be hosted in New Delhi, India.
• Conference of Parties (COPs) Overview:
  • COP1 (1995): Berlin, Germany
  • COP3 (1997): Kyoto, Japan
  • COP8 (2002): Delhi, India
  • COP21 (2015): Paris, France
  • COP28: Dubai, UAE
  • COP29: Baku, Azerbaijan
  • COP30: Brazil
• Operation Brahma: For earthquake relief in Myanmar.
• JP YC (Yen-backed stablecoin): Launched by Japan.
  • Blockchain-based, Yen-supported, and world's first stable digital currency.
  • Aims to reduce reliance on cash and credit cards.
  • Satoshi Nakamoto is credited with creating Bitcoin.
• Global AI City Index 2025: Bengaluru ranked 26th.
• International Solar Alliance (ISA): Moldova became the 107th member.
• LEAP-1: Dhruva Space's first commercial mission, launched by SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket.
• 25th SCO Summit: Held in Tianjin, China.
• 12th World Games 2025: Will be hosted in China.

Sports News

• Europe Chess Club Cup 2025 (Greece):
  • Male Winner: D Gukesh (Gold Medal).
  • Female Winner: Divya Deshmukh (Gold Medal).
• Chess World Cup: To be held in Goa, starting October 31.
• International Polo Championship (Jaipur):
  • Winner: India
  • Runner-up: Argentina
  • Polo has four players per team.