Rajasthan

Appearance

Modern Indian History (1901-1950) ​

  • August 7, 1905: Swadeshi movement started in Kolkata's Town Hall, boycotting foreign goods in protest of the Bengal partition.
  • October 16, 1905: Bengal partition officially implemented; observed as Raksha Bandhan Day in protest. Lord Curzon was Viceroy.
  • 1907: Surat Session of the Indian National Congress.
    • Presided over by Rash Behari Ghosh.
    • Congress split into Garam Dal (extremists) and Naram Dal (moderates).
  • 1909: Morley-Minto Reforms (Indian Councils Act).
    • Introduced the Communal Electorate System in India.
  • January 9, 1915: Mahatma Gandhi returned to India; observed as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas.
  • 1916: Lucknow Session of Congress.
    • Presided over by Ambica Charan Mazumdar.
    • Congress and Muslim League signed the Lucknow Pact.
    • Garam Dal and Naram Dal reunited.
    • Establishment of Banaras Hindu University (BHU).
    • Launch of the Home Rule League Movement by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
  • 1917: Congress Calcutta Session.
    • Presided over by Annie Besant, who became the first woman President of Congress.
    • Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar, led by Mahatma Gandhi against indigo cultivation (Tinkathia system).
  • 1919:
    • Rowlatt Act: "No appeal, no argument, no lawyer" law.
    • Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms: Introduced diarchy (dual rule) in provinces.
    • April 13, 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar.
  • 1920: Non-Cooperation Movement began.
    • Mahatma Gandhi renounced his Kaiser-e-Hind title.
  • February 1922: Chauri Chaura incident in Gorakhpur (UP).
    • Led to the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
  • 1923: Establishment of the Swaraj Party by Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru.
  • 1924: Belgaum Session of Congress.
    • Presided over by Mahatma Gandhi (his only time as Congress President).
  • 1925: Kanpur Session of Congress.
    • Presided over by Sarojini Naidu (first Indian woman President of Congress).
  • August 9, 1925: Kakori Train Action (formerly Kakori Train Robbery).
    • Involved Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh, and Chandra Shekhar Azad.
  • 1927: Simon Commission formed (seven all-British members).
  • 1928: Simon Commission arrived in India, faced "Simon Go Back" protests.
    • Nehru Report presented by Motilal Nehru.
  • 1929: Lahore Session of Congress.
    • Presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru.
    • Demand for Purna Swaraj (complete self-rule).
  • January 26, 1930: Purna Swaraj Day declared.
  • 1930:
    • Civil Disobedience Movement began.
    • March 12, 1930 - April 6, 1930: Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, protesting the salt tax.
    • First Round Table Conference held (Congress boycotted).
  • March 5, 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed, allowing Congress to participate in the Second Round Table Conference.
  • March 23, 1931: Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were executed.
  • 1931: Second Round Table Conference held (Mahatma Gandhi attended via Rajputana ship).
  • 1932:
    • Communal Award announced by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
    • September: Poona Pact signed between Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar.
  • 1940:
    • August Offer proposed by the British.
    • Individual Satyagraha Movement started; Vinoba Bhave was the first Satyagrahi.
  • August 9, 1942: Quit India Movement launched ("Do or Die" slogan).
    • Lord Linlithgow was Viceroy.
    • Operation Zero Hour was initiated before the movement began.
  • March 1946: Cabinet Mission arrived in India (three members: Pethick Lawrence (Chairman), Stafford Cripps, A.V. Alexander).
    • Proposed a Constituent Assembly for India, with one seat per million population (total 389 seats).
  • December 9, 1946: First meeting of the Constituent Assembly.
    • Sachchidananda Sinha appointed as interim President.
  • December 13, 1946: Objective Resolution (preamble) presented by Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • January 22, 1947: Objective Resolution adopted.
  • June 3, 1947: Mountbatten Plan announced the partition of India into two nations.
  • July 18, 1947: Indian Independence Act 1947 passed.
  • July 22, 1947: National Flag adopted.
  • November 26, 1949: Constitution of India adopted.
    • 16 articles (including citizenship - Part II, Article 394) came into effect immediately.
  • January 24, 1950: Constituent Assembly members signed the Constitution.
    • National Anthem and National Song adopted.
  • January 26, 1950: Constitution of India fully enforced.
  • January 28, 1950: Supreme Court of India formed.

Current Affairs (October/November 2023) ​

  • Euthanasia Legalization:
    • Uruguay is the first Latin American country to legalize euthanasia.
    • Globally, the Netherlands was the first country to legalize euthanasia.
    • Uruguay has also legalized abortion and same-sex marriage.
    • Uruguay's capital is Montevideo. It is the only South American country entirely south of the Tropic of Capricorn.
  • Global Financial Centers Index:
    • India's GIFT City (Gujarat International Finance Tec-City, Gandhinagar) ranked 43rd globally.
    • Mumbai ranked 46th.
    • New Delhi ranked 54th.
    • New York topped the index.
    • This was the 38th edition of the index.
  • Wildlife Photographer of the Year Award:
    • Bim-bende-Dan received the award for his photograph "Ghost Town Visitor."
    • The photo, taken over 10 years, features a brown hyena in the ruins of a former diamond mine.
  • Take for Nature Award (IUCN):
    • Awarded to the Fisher Friend Mobile App by the M.S. Swaminathan Foundation.
    • The app monitors and conserves Olive Ridley sea turtles (known for nesting at Gahirmatha beach in Odisha).
  • Khelo India University Games:
    • The 5th edition will be held from November 24th in seven cities of Rajasthan (Jaipur, Ajmer, Jodhpur, Kota, Udaipur, Bharatpur, Bikaner).
    • Union Minister Mansukh Mandaviya will inaugurate the games.
    • 23 sports will be contested.
    • Four new sports (canoeing, kayaking, cycling, volleyball) are included for the first time.
    • The first edition was held in Odisha.
    • Host: Poornima University, Jaipur.
  • Commonwealth Games:
    • Ahmedabad, India, has been notified to host the 24th Commonwealth Games in 2030.
    • The 23rd Commonwealth Games in 2026 will be held in Glasgow, Scotland.
    • The 22nd Commonwealth Games in 2022 were held in Birmingham, England.
  • Vital Statistics of India Report 2023:
    • Released by the Registrar General of India.
    • In 2023, India recorded approximately 2.52 crore births (25.2 million), a decrease of 2.5 lakh compared to 2022.
    • Approximately 86.6 lakh deaths were recorded, a slight increase from 2022.
    • Sex Ratio at Birth:
      • Highest: Arunachal Pradesh (1085 girls per 1000 boys).
      • Lowest: Jharkhand (899 girls per 1000 boys), Bihar (900 girls per 1000 boys).
  • Military Coup in Madagascar:
    • Colonel Michael Rantrionirina took oath as President after a military coup.
    • The coup followed the "Gen Z Mada" movement, protesting electricity and water shortages.
    • The UN has banned Madagascar following the coup.
    • Madagascar is the largest island in the Indian Ocean and the fourth largest globally.
    • Capital: Antananarivo.
  • Mehul Choksi Extradition:
    • A Belgian court approved the extradition of Mehul Choksi (PNB fraud case, Rs 13,000 crore) to India.
    • India and Belgium have an extradition treaty since 1901.
    • Belgium's capital is Brussels (headquarters of NATO and the European Union).
    • Antwerp in Belgium is famous for diamond cutting and polishing.
  • India International Science Festival:
    • The 11th edition will be held in Chandigarh from December 6-9.
    • Theme: "Prosperity from Science."
    • First held in 2015.
    • Last held in Guwahati, Assam.
  • Kati Bihu Festival:
    • Celebrated in Assam, symbolizing the transplantation of rice saplings.
    • Also known as Kangali (poor) Bihu, as it marks a period of empty granaries and food scarcity.
    • Rituals include lighting Akash Bati (sky lamps) in paddy fields and worshipping the Tulsi plant.
  • Archery World Cup Final:
    • Held in Nanjing, China.
    • Jyothi Surekha became the first Indian woman archer to win a medal (bronze) at the event.
  • Shotgun World Championship:
    • Held in Athens, Greece.
    • Zorawar Singh Sidhu won a bronze medal for India.
  • Lakshmi Pay UPI:
    • India's first UPI platform specifically launched for women.