Rajasthan

Appearance

Okay, here's the translated and formatted information from the provided text, organized by page:

Minerals ​

  1. Mineral Diversity
  2. Mineral Storage
  3. Classification of Minerals
  4. Mineral Production and Usage
  5. Mineral Policies

1. Mineral Diversity ​

(a) Mineral Diversity (b) Mineral Storage (c) Mineral Production (d) Mineral Revenue

DiversityStorageProductionIncome
Ranking1st2nd3rd3rd
Minerals81 Types1st (Jharkhand)1st- Odisha II - 4 Chhattisgarh
  • Note: Total minerals produced in Rajasthan = 58

(a) Mineral Diversity: "Rajasthan has the highest mineral diversity in the country. For this reason, Rajasthan is called the 'Museum of Minerals'."

  • A total of 81 types of minerals are stored in Rajasthan.

(b) Mineral Storage: The highest mineral storage in Rajasthan is in the Aravali, for this reason, the Aravali is called the 'Storehouse of Minerals'.

Page 140

(c) Mineral Production: Rajasthan's contribution to the total mineral production of the country - 20% * Metallic - 15% * Non-Metallic - 25% * Other - 60% * Note: Rajasthan ranks first in the country in non-metallic mineral production.

(d) Mineral Revenue: Rajasthan ranks third in the country in terms of mineral revenue, because valuable non-metallic minerals are produced in Rajasthan. * Ex: Petroleum, Granite, Marble

2. Mineral Rocks ​

A. Sedimentary Rocks B. Dharwar Rocks C. Vindhyan Rocks [Diagram: Sedimentary rocks, Dharwar rocks, Vindhyan rocks]

Page 141

A. Sedimentary Rocks ​

*   These rocks are mainly found in the North-West of Rajasthan.
*   Energy minerals are mainly found in these rocks. Ex: Petroleum, natural gas, coal

B. Dharwar Rocks ​

*  These rocks are mainly found in the Aravali region.
*   Metallic minerals are mainly found in these rocks. Ex: Copper, iron ore, lead-zinc, silver.

C. Vindhyan Rocks ​

*   These rocks are mainly found in the South-East of Rajasthan.
*  Stone minerals are mainly found in these rocks. Ex: Sandstone, limestone, Kota stone, red stone.

Page 142

3. Classification of Minerals ​

Metallic MineralsNon-Metallic Minerals
Ferrous MetalNon-Ferrous Metal
(IRIMNTA)
- Cobalt- Gold
- Chromite- Silver
- Iron- Platinum
- Manganese- Lead-Zinc (Pb) (Zn)
- Nickel(Excavation Mineral)
- Tungsten- Copper
    |     - Bauxite |  (Multani Mitti) |
    |   - Aluminum  |  - Energy Minerals |
    | - Antimony   | - Ex. Petroleum |
     |- Mercury (Hg)   |- Natural Gas  |
       |                  |     - Coal  |

4. Mineral Production and Uses ​

*   Minerals of the Aravali Belt (Metallic)
    1. Copper
    2. Iron ore
    3. Lead-Zinc, Silver, Manganese, Gold, Tungsten
  • Metallic minerals are more abundant in the Aravali region because the Aravali is formed from Dharwar rocks. Page 143Page 144

Iron Usage: ​

  • Useful in making electrical wires.
  • Equipment / machinery
  • Making utensils.
  • Useful in making automobiles/motor vehicles.
  • Useful in making colors in the color industry.

Iron Ore: (Storage, Production, Areas, and Uses) ​

  • Storage: Iron ore is an example of a metallic mineral.
    • Magnetite and hematite grade iron are mainly found in Rajasthan.
    • Iron ore is found in Jaipur, Dausa, Karauli, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Udaipur, and Bhilwara. *Torawali (Sikar, Jhunjhunu) *Jaipur, Dausa, Karauli *Udaipur, Bhilwara * Highest Quality
    • Production areas: * (a) Jaipur - Morija-Banila
      • (b) Dausa - Neemla (present-Jaipur), Raisela
      • (c) Karauli - Devdaroli, Hadupura, Liloti/Liloati, Khaura
      • (d) Sikar - Dabla * (e) Jhunjhunu - Singhana (f) Udaipur- Nathra ki Pal, Thoor Hunder
      • (g) Bhilwara - Tiranga region, Pur Banera

Page 145

Iron Usage: ​

  • Useful in making electrical wires.
  • Equipment / machinery
  • Making utensils.
  • Useful in making automobiles/motor vehicles.
  • Useful in making colors in the color industry.

Iron Ore: (Storage, Production, Areas, and Uses) ​

  • Storage: Iron ore is an example of a metallic mineral.

    • Magnetite and hematite grade iron are mainly found in Rajasthan.
    • Iron ore is found in Jaipur, Dausa, Karauli, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Udaipur, and Bhilwara.
      • Torawali (Sikar, Jhunjhunu)
      • Jaipur, Dausa, Karauli
      • Udaipur, Bhilwara
    • Production Areas:
      • (a) Jaipur - Morija-Banila
      • (b) Dausa - Neemla (present-Jaipur), Raisela
      • (c) Karauli - Devdaroli, Hadupura, Liloti/Liloati, Khaura
      • (d) Sikar - Dabla (f) Udaipur - Nathra ki Pal, Thoor Hunder
      • (e) Jhunjhunu - Singhana (g) Bhilwara - Tiranga region, Pur Banera Page 146

  • Uses:(i) Useful in the motor vehicle industry.(ii) Useful in building construction/making buildings, etc.(iii) Useful in making equipment/machinery.(iv) Useful in making steel (iron + manganese).(v) Useful in making railway tracks.

  • Note: Iron is called the basis of metal industries / backbone of industries. (C) Lead-Zinc and Silver (Storage, Production, Areas, and Uses)

  • Storage:

    • Lead-zinc and silver are examples of metallic minerals.
    • The main ore of lead-zinc and silver is galena.
    • Lead-zinc and silver are mainly stored in Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Sawai Madhopur (Chauth ka Barwara), Alwar (Guha-Kishore Das).

  • Production Areas: * Bhilwara - Rampura-Agucha and Gulabpura Agucha * Rajsamand - Rajpura Dariba, Siddesar-Khurd, Siddesar Kalan * Udaipur - Jawarmal (Rana Lakha) and Debari * HZL (Hindustan Zinc Limited)

Page 147

  • Uses:
    • Lead:
      • (i) Useful in the color industry
    • (ii) Useful in making cartridges * (iii) Useful in aircraft construction
    • Zinc:
    • (i) Useful in making electrical equipment, wires.
    • (ii) In the automobile industry.
    • (iii) Useful in making medicines.
    • (iv) Useful in making fertilizers.
  • Silver:
    • (i) Useful in making jewelry
    • (ii) Useful in making electrical equipment.
    • (iii) Useful in making coins and medals.
    • (iv) Useful in making medicines
    • (v) Useful in making utensils.

(D) Tungsten (Storage, Production, Areas, and Uses)

  • Storage:
    • Tungsten is an example of a metallic mineral.
    • The main ores of which are 'Wolframite' and 'Sheelite'.
    • Which are mainly stored in Nagaur, Pali, and Sirohi.

Page 148

  • Production Areas:

    • Pali (Nana-Karab)
      • Nagaur (Degana) (Rewat Hills)
    • Sirohi (Abu-Revdar, Valda)
    • Note: Degana is the largest tungsten mine in the country, located in Nagaur.
      • ↳ The Degana mine is currently closed.

  • Uses: * (i) Useful in making cartridges. * (ii) Useful in making bulbs and other electrical equipment. * (iii) Useful in the meter car industry. (E) Manganese (Storage, Production Areas, and Uses)

  • Storage: Manganese is an example of a metallic mineral, which is mainly stored in Banswara, Rajsamand, and Udaipur.

    • Banswara- Leelwani, Kalakhunta, Talwada, Tambriya, Itala
    • Rajsamand- Negadiya
    • Udaipur - Chhoti Sar, Badi Sar Page 149

  • Rajasthan ka Bhugol Classification of Minerals

    • (i) Useful in making place *(ii) Useful in making colors. *(iii) Useful for the motor vehicle industry. *(iv) In chemical reactions (A) Gold: (Storage, Production Areas, and Uses)
    • Storage: Gold is an example of a metallic mineral, the storage of which in Rajasthan is mainly:
      • Banswara, Dungarpur (Bhukia), Udaipur (Dangia), Bhilwara, Alwar (Kheda Gudhiya Vas), Dausa (Dhani Basdi), Neem ka Thana (Khetri)
    • Production Areas: * Anandpura Bhukia * Jagpura-Bhukia
      • Chiriya-Amba
      • Delwara
      • Banswara-
    • Bhilwara > Devtalai (Gold and Copper)
    • Uses:
      1. Useful in making jewelry.
      2. Useful in making coins and medals.
      3. Useful in making technical equipment e.g., laptop chip.

  • Minerals of Wagad Belt:

    • Fluorite > Dungarpur, Pratapgarh > Diamond (Kesarpura)
    • 0%
    • Fluspa (Mando Ki Pal) Banswara gold, Manganese

Page 150

  • Rajasthan ka Bhugol

Clay Minerals ​

1.  Ball Clay > Bikaner
   *   Bikaner Clay > Bikaner
2.  Fire Clay > Bikaner
3.  China Clay (Kaolin) > 1st Bikaner
     * (Ceramic) > 2nd Sikar
  1. Fuller's earth/Bleaching Clay / Multani Mitti > 1st - Barmer * 2nd - Bikaner
  • Note: Silica Sand/Sand - 1st = Bundi (Barodia) 2nd = Jaipur < Use in glass industry

Stone Minerals (Storage, Production Areas, and Uses) ​

*   Building Stone
 * Slate Stone-Alwar
 *  Sandstone (Bharatpur) Dholpur Red Stone
   *   Dholpur
    * Kota
   *  Chittorgarh
       *  Jalore
        * Barmer
      * Sirohi
   *   Rajsamand
    *   Jodhpur
   * Jaisalmer
    * Ajmer-Pali

Page 151

  • Rajasthan ka Bhugol
  • Storage: Stone minerals / Building stone are an example of non-metallic minerals. * Mainly in Rajasthan: Alwar, Chittor, Nagaur, Pali, Bharatpur, Jalore, Sirohi, Rajsamand, Karauli, Dholpur, Barmer, Ajmer, Jaisalmer, Jaipur
    • Production Areas:
      • (i) Slate Stone = Alwar
    • (ii) Sand Stone = Bansi Paharpur (Bharatpur) * (iii) Dholpur Stone = Dholpur (1st), Karauli (2nd) *(Red Stone) * (iv) Kota Stone = Kota (1st), Chittor (2nd)
    • (v) Granite Stone = Jalore (Granite Soil), Barmer, Sirohi, Ajmer, Pali *(vi) Building Stone = Jodhpur

Marble/Sangmarmar ​

*   An example of metamorphic rock.
   *   Which is made from ancient stone (sedimentary rock).
   *   Rajsamand has the highest production of marble in Rajasthan because here there are the highest marble production units.
*   Marble is mainly stored in: Rajsamand, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Kotputli, Behror, Pali, Udaipur, Bharatpur.

Page 152

  • Rajasthan ka Bhugol

Major Varieties of Marble: ​

  1. White Marble -> Makrana (Nagaur)
  2. Black Marble -> Bhaislana (Jaipur Rural)
  3. Yellow Marble -> Pokhran (Jaisalmer)
  4. Brown Marble -> Jodhpur Rural
  5. Green Marble -> Rishabhdev (Udaipur)
  6. Pink Marble -> Rishabhdev, Labarwas, Jalore, Bharatpur
  7. Rainbow Marble -> Khabra (Pali)

Limestone ​

  • An example of sedimentary rock. * Jodhpur has the highest production in Rajasthan. * Major varieties of limestone in Rajasthan:

    1. Steel Grade > Jaisalmer
      • Area
    2. Chemical Grade > Jodhpur, Nagaur
    3. Cement Grade > Chittor-Kota

  • Uses of stones

    1. Useful in building construction.
    2. Useful in making M-sand. Page 153

  • Rajasthan ka Bhugol 3. Useful in making roads. 4. Useful in making idols. 5. Useful in making floors.

    • Minerals of Aravali Region

*Sikar {F = Feldspar {P= Pyrites (Saladipura) *Udaipur

TICK = > “Varun Quarter Khel Gaya”

  • Vermiculite, Quartz, Lithium, Feldspar
  • Graphite (2nd - Alwar)
  • Asbestos = Kherwada, Rishabhdev (Udaipur)
  • Soapstone (Ghiya Patthar) = Devpura-Saloda Region
  • Rock Phosphate = Jhamar-Kotda (Udaipur) Lathi- Birmania (Jaisalmer)

Fertilizer Minerals ​

1. Potash
2. Gypsum
3. Rock Phosphate
4. Pyrites
5. Zinc

Page 154

1. Potash ​

* Storage and Production Area: Hanumangarh - Bikaner, Sri Ganganagar-Churu and Karauli

2. Gypsum ​

  • Storage:
    • Gypsum is an example of a non-metallic mineral, which is mainly stored in Rajasthan in Bikaner, Sri Ganganagar, Jaisalmer, Barmer, and Nagaur.
 *  **Production Areas:**
       * Pokhran, Chandaan, Molanagarh, Kavas, Uttarlai (Jaisalmer)
       *Nagaur (Bikaner), Loonkaransar, Jamsar, Got Manglod, Bhadwasi
    *   **Uses:**
         1.  Useful in the cement industry
        2.  Useful in plaster of paris.
         3.  Useful in making fertilizers.
         4.  Useful in making colors.

Page 155

  • Rajasthan ka Bhugol

Gemstone Minerals / Progress: Minerals produced in Rajasthan ​

  • Emerald
    • Chittorgarh
  • Tonk / Garnet (Ratnajyoti)
    • 1st- Tonk- Rajmahal, Jaipur
    • 2nd- Ajmer - Sarwad (present-Kekri)
*   Rajsamand
  • Ajmer
  • Emerald/Panna
    • Panna is also called green fire.
    • Production Areas:
      • Rajsamand - Devgarh, Amet, Kalaguman Mine, Tikki
      • Ajmer- Bubani-Muhan Region
  • Note: According to Eco-Survey 2023-24- Minerals with monopoly of Rajasthan : Lead-Zinc, Wollastonite, Selenite (Gypsum)

Atomic/Nuclear Energy Minerals ​

1. Uranium
2. Thorium
   *   Pinchblend (only storage in Rajasthan)
         *   Khandela-Rohila region (Sikar)
    * Ore = Monazite
        * Umara (Udaipur)
        *  Storage: Bhawan (Pali), Ramgarh (Baran), Sardarpura (Bhilwara)

Page 156

  • Rajasthan ka Bhugol

Minerals with BBB ​

BarytesBerylliumVolkenite
> Barmer> Jaipur> Gurjadva > Kota
> Bikaner> Ajmer > Vadar Sindri
>Udaipur- >Shikarwadi

Energy Minerals (100 words) ​

 *   Stored in sedimentary rocks, which were formed in the Tertiary period.
 *  Organic Energy Minerals

*   Petroleum (100 words) Natural Gas (50 Words) Coal

1. Petroleum: (Storage, Production Areas, and Uses) ​

  • Storage: Petroleum is an example of fossil fuel. Which is stored in 4 basins and 15 districts in Raj. with a total area of 1,50,000 sq km.

    • Jaisalmer Basin
    • Rajasthan Shelf Basin * (1) *(2) Bikaner-Nagaur
    • Barmer-Sanchore
    • Basin (5)
      • (3 Dist.)
    • Vindhyan Basin (6)

Page 157

  • Rajasthan ka Bhugol
      1. Barmer - Sanchore Basin:
        • It is spread in Gujarat, Sanchore and Jalore.
        • Major Authority: Cairn Energy (Vedanta Limited) and ONGC
        • Note: The highest amount of petroleum is stored here.
        1. Jaisalmer Basin 01 Rajasthan Shelf Basin < Spread in Jaisalmer.
        • Major Authority: ONGC, PDVSA (Venezuela)
        1. Bikaner - Nagaur Basin < Extent = Bikaner, Nagaur, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Churu.
        • Major Authority: OIL (Oil India Limited), ESSAR(NAYARA)
        1. Vindhyan Basin:
        • Extent: Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar, Bhilwara, Chittor
        • Main Authority: ONGC and Cairn Energy (Vedanta)
        • Production Areas:
        • 1st> Barmer -> Own petroleum wells
          • Mangala
          *  Nagaana > Saraswati
        *   Kosalu > Aishwarya
        *   Guda Malano > Rajeswari

Page 158

  • Rajasthan ka Bhugol
    • Other wells: Vijaya, Shakti, Durga, Bhagyam, Kameswari
      • Mangala:
        • Mangala is the first petroleum well of Rajasthan.
        • Which is located in 'Barmer-Sanchore Basin'.
      • Mangala was discovered in 2004.
      • Start of petroleum production = 29 Aug. 2009
      • 2nd> Jaisalmer:
        • B = Baghewala (PDVSA)
        • S = Sadhwala
        • T = Tanot
        • C = Chinewala (ONGC)
    *  3rd Bikaner > Tuvariwala/Towerwala (present - Jaisalmer) , Poonam Region
*  **Note:** 1 barrel = 159 liters
*   Poonam region is located in Bikaner (Bikaner-Nagaur) Basin.
 *  This area was discovered by OIL.
 *  Petroleum production capacity = 30000 barrels per day

Page 159

  • Petroleum Production Areas in India
    • Barmer (Samla)
    • Aliabet (1973) * Basin
    • Rajasthan (2009)
    • Gujarat * Bakeshwar - 1960 (Ankleshwar)
    • Gulf of Khambhat
    • Brahmaputra
      • Digboi
      • Naharkatiya
      • Surma Valley
      • Hugri-Morijan
  • Uses:
    1. Useful as fuel.
  1. Useful in making roads (tar/bitumen).
  2. Useful as a lubricant. 4. In the color industries
  • Note: Highest petroleum production in India:
    • 1st - Offshore area = 40% (Bombay High)
  • 2nd - Rajasthan = 14.95% * 3rd - Gujarat * 4th - Assam
  • Natural Gas

    • Storage and Production: 1st - Barmer → Ragheshwari, Guda-Malani 2nd- Jaisalmer

    • Trick: 'Dede Ka Gam Ram Ban Guru Mein Chota' Antelaala, Gumanivala, Ramgarh, Tanot, Manihari Tibba, Ghotaru Page 160

Coal ​

  • Based on the construction period, coal is mainly divided into two parts: * Gondwana Land Era OR Carboniferous Era (98% in India) * Tertiary Era (2% in India, 100% in Rajasthan)

  • Based on the amount of carbon, coal is of four types: |Type | Carbon content | Color | |--------------------------|---------------|---------------| | 1. Anthracite | 95% | Black and shiny| | 2. Bituminous | 60-70% | Black and brown | | 3. Lignite | 50-60% | Brown | | 4. Peat Coal | Less than 50% | Light Brown|

  • Note: Highest Coal

  • In India- Bituminous

    • In Rajasthan - Lignite (3rd)

  • Coal storage, production area, and uses:

    • 1st - Barmer -> 'Kaper ja gira Bhades' (Trick)
      • Kapurdi Jalipa, Giral Bhadresh
    • 2nd- Bikaner -> B B P G - Trick (Best Coal) Bikaner, Barsinsar, Palana, Gudha (Suraha)

  • Nagaur -> Merta City, Didwana, Mata Sukh Karnau

  • Highest lignite production in India: Tamil Nadu -I, Gujarat - II, Rajasthan - III (Lignite coal is mainly found in Rajasthan)

  • Uses of coal: 1. Useful as fuel. 2. Useful in thermal energy production. 3. Useful in the cement industry. 4. Useful in vegetables.

Page 161

Other Minerals ​

Mica

  • Mica is an example of a non-metallic mineral, the storage of which is in three regions of Rajasthan: * Bhilwara-Udaipur Region * Jaipur-Tonk Region * Ajmer Region

    • Production Areas:
      • 1st - Bhilwara - Dant Bhunas, Abhrak Nagari, Nath ka Neri, Hogus and Chapad
    • 2nd - Udaipur- Malaba and Champagarh
    • 3rd - Tonk - Barauni, Shankargarh
      • 4th - Jaipur - Bajari, Dahmi

  • Note: Bhilwara is also called the Mica City.

  • Uses: 1. Useful in building construction. 2. Useful in electrical equipment. 3. Useful in making paints.

    • Note: Mica is also called the "sick child of minerals" because only 50% of Mica is produced out of 20 large mines in the country.

Mineral Policies ​

*  General Mineral Policies:
     *  1st - 1978
    *   2nd - 1990
   *    3rd - 1994
   *    4th - 2011
    * 5th - 5 June 2015
  * 6th - Update
  • Marble and Granite Policy -> 2002
  • M-Sand Policy -> 2020 -> 25 Jan 2021

Page 162

M-Sand Policy - 2020 ​

*   Meaning: M-Sand is artificial gravel. (Manufactured Sand) which is prepared by grinding stones or minerals.
*    The M-Sand policy was issued in Rajasthan on 25 January 2021.
    *  **Objectives:**
          *   1) It is a cheap and easy alternative to gravel.
           *    2) Environmental protection
           *    3) Improving biodiversity.
           *    4) To promote mineral-based industries and increase employment opportunities at the local level.

Other Important Points ​

Mineral Related Institutions * RSMML (Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Limited) * (Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Corporation) * Establishment: 1974 * Headquarters: Udaipur * Hindustan Zinc Limited * Establishment: 1966, Debari (Udaipur) * Rajpura Dariba (Rajsamand - 2010) * Note: Zinc Smelter Plant - Location: Chanderia (Chittorgarh) * Establishment: 2005 * Cooperation: Britain

  • Hindustan Copper Limited * Establishment: 1967 * Location: Khetri (Neem ka Thana)

Page 163

Major Projects of Hindustan Copper Limited: ​

1) Khetri (Neem ka Thana)
2) Chandmari (Jhunjhunu)
 3) Kho-Dariba (Alwar)

HPCL (Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited) ​

*  **Location:** Pachpadra (Barmer)
  • Cooperation: Center: State = 74:26
    • Cost: ₹23,337 crore
    • Capacity: 9 MMTPA (Million Metric Tons per Annum)
*   **Characteristics:**
      *   1) Petroleum refinery is the first of the state and 26th petroleum refinery of the country.
       *    2) This refinery has BS (Bharat Stage) standards.
       *    3) A Petro Chemical Complex will be established near the petroleum refinery. (Start - January 16, 2018)