Rajasthan

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Water Conservation Techniques in Rajasthan ​

  • Water Conservation
  • Techniques of Water Conservation
  • Other Important Points

A. Water Conservation: ​

  • Preventing the wastage of water and limiting the use of usable water is called "water management".

Techniques of Water Management ​

Traditional TechniquesModern Techniques
1. Nadi1. Dam
2. Toba2. Canal
3. Bawri3. Drip Irrigation Technique
4. Jhalara
5. Khadin
6. Beri/Kui
7. Tanka/Kund
8. Johad
9. Pond
10. Lake

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I. Traditional Techniques ​

1. Nadi: A type of pond in which rainwater is collected. ​

* This technique is prevalent in western Rajasthan.
* The first Nadi was built in Rajasthan in 1590 AD.

2. Toba: ​

* Toba is a deeper water storage source than a Nadi, in which rainwater is collected.
 * The water stored in it is used for drinking water and limited irrigation.

3. Bawri: ​

 *   Bawri are circular and artistic step-like wells.
*   These water wells depend on rainwater.
*   The highest number of Bawris are located in Bundi, which is called the "City of Bawris".
  • Major Bawris: * 1. Nalakha Bawri --> Dungarpur * 2. Laheri Bawri --> Sirohi * 3. Bhoot Bawri --> Jodhpur (Ransi Village) * 4. Alarakali Bawri --> Bundi * 5. Chand Bawri --> Abhaneri (Dausa) * 6. Badi Bawri/Choti Bawri --> Dausa Page 284
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      1. Dudh Bawri → Sirohi
        1. Bhinukhra Bawri -> Udaipur
        1. Rani ki Bawri -> Bundi
        1. Gulab Bawri -> Bundi
        1. Hadi Rani ki Bawri -> Toda Raisingh (Kikri)
        1. Nine-Story Bawri -> Nimrana (Kotputli)

4. Jhalra: ​

 *  Rectangular pond built for water collection that receives water from a source or pond.
  * Its water is used for religious rituals, not for drinking water.
     *  Ex: Pur Ji Jhalara (Jodhpur)

5. Khadin (Playa): ​

*   Shallow water seals made by Paliwal Brahmins in Western Rajasthan for water harvesting are called Khadin or Playa.
      * These are mostly located in North Jaisalmer.

6. Beri (Kui): ​

   *  In Western Rajasthan/Arid Border areas (Jaisalmer, Bikaner), small, circular or less deep wells are made for water collection, these are called Beri/Kui.
        *    They depend on ponds and johads for water.

7. Tanka/Kund: ​

*   It is mainly constructed for the purpose of drinking water in homes or public places, in which rain water

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    • (Palar water) is stored. * It is covered from the top for the purity of water.

8. Johad: ​

  • Rainwater flowing towards the slope in the rural area is collected in the low land, which is called Johad. * More prevalent in Shekhawati * It is called "Water Well". * Note: The credit for reviving the Johad system goes to Shri Rajendra Singh (Alwar), he is known as "Johad Wale Baba", who was given the 'Ramon Magsaysay Award'.

9. Pond: ​

  • It is an artificial / natural reservoir whose area extends from one square meter to two hectares.

    • In which water is available for at least four months in a year.

  • Major Ponds:

    • Padam Pond
    • Sareri Pond
    • Jetala Pond
    • Khara Pond (Bhilwara)
    • Kala Pond
    • Mandalgarh Pond
    • Sukh Talab (Largest pond of Rajasthan)
    • Note: Bhilwara has the highest irrigation through ponds in Rajasthan. Page 286

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10. Lake: ​

  • A water area formed by rainwater and the water of the river banks, which is surrounded by land and water, is called a lake.
    • Most lakes are in Udaipur
  • Note: National Lake Conservation Project: Start: 2001
  • 6 Lakes of Rajasthan included:
    1. Fateh Sagar * 4. Pushkar
    2. Pichola * 5. Nakki * 3. Ana Sagar * 6. Mansagar
    • Budget: Center: State (60:40)

Modern Methods ​

1. Dam/Dam Project: ​

  • Dams are used to fulfill various purposes (irrigation, drinking water, hydroelectricity) by stopping the flow of waste water.

2. Canal: ​

 *  Highest irrigation through canals in Rajasthan is in Sri Ganganagar.

3. Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation Technology ​

 *  This technology has been compulsorily implemented in the Narmada canal area in Rajasthan.
   *   This technique has been adopted from Israel.

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Other Important Points: ​

Major Schemes: ​

(i) Atal Dhara Scheme: * Start: 2002 * Started by the Central Government for providing drinking water in rural areas. (ii) Jal Swavalamban Yojana: * Start: 27 Jan, 2016 * from Jhalawar (Jhalawar) * Improvement of water level in ponds and wells in rural areas. * Objectives: Expansion of pastures, Increase agricultural production. * This scheme was implemented in 4 phases: * Phase 1st * Phase 2nd * Phase 3rd * Phase 4th * (27 Jan-2016) (9 Dec, 2016) (9 Dec, 2017) (3 Oct, 2018) (iii) Rajiv Gandhi Jal Sanchay Yojana:

  • Start: 20 Aug 2019 * Objective: To improve drinking water supply in rural areas, rainwater harvesting and conservation, increase groundwater level, increase agricultural area. Page 288
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    • This scheme was implemented in two phases.
    • First Phase (20 Aug, 2019), Second Phase (22 March 2023) (iv) Atal Bhujal Yojana:
      • Government of India: World Bank (50:50)
      • Start: 1 April, 2020
      • The scheme is for 5 years from 2020-21 to 2024-25. * In 7 states: Haryana, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh
      • Note: 38 panchayat samitis of 16 districts of Rajasthan are included in this.
        • Objective: To stop the falling groundwater level with community participation.
        • Nodal Department: Groundwater Department (v) Chief Minister's Water Self-Reliance Campaign 2.0: (Start: 2024-25)
      • Under this, construction of 5,00,000 water harvesting structures in 20,000 villages in the next 4 years. Whose budget is ₹ 11,200 crore.
      • First Phase (Year): 349 Panchayat Samitis (of all districts)
        • 5,135 Villages selected
        • Amount: ₹ 3500 crores
        • Objective: To increase the groundwater level, increase the water supply in rural areas, and increase the green area. Page 289
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State Water Policy - 18 Feb 2010 ​

 * According to this policy, the priority of water availability is kept in the order of: human drinking water, animal drinking water, domestic works, and water supply for agricultural works.

(B) Groundwater Resources Assessment: (2013) ​

1.  Over Exploited Areas - 216
2.   Critical/Severe - 23
3.   Semi-Critical/Semi-Severe - 22
4.   Safe - 38
5.  Saline - 3
 *   Total = 302
  • International Water Day: 22 March (Theme: 2024 “Water for Peace”)
  • Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act: 1974

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