Countries, Capitals, and Currencies
| Country | Capital | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| India | New Delhi | Rupee |
| Bangladesh | Dhaka | Taka |
| Myanmar | Naypyidaw | Kyat |
| Nepal | Kathmandu | Rupee |
| China | Beijing | Yuan/Renminbi |
| Bhutan | Thimphu | Ngultrum |
| Sri Lanka | Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte | Rupee |
| Mongolia | Ulaanbaatar | Tögrög |
| Pakistan | Islamabad | Rupee |
| Uzbekistan | Tashkent | Som |
| Turkmenistan | Ashgabat | |
| Kazakhstan | Astana (formerly Nur-Sultan) | Tenge |
| Kyrgyzstan | Bishkek | Som |
| Tajikistan | Dushanbe | Somoni |
| Iran | Tehran | Rial |
| Iraq | Baghdad | |
| Bahrain | Manama | |
| Lebanon | Beirut | |
| UAE | Abu Dhabi | Dirham |
| Turkey | Ankara | Lira |
| Israel | Jerusalem | New Shekel |
| Jordan | Amman | |
| Saudi Arabia | Riyadh | Riyal |
| Yemen | Sanaa | |
| Syria | Damascus | |
| Oman | Muscat | |
| Indonesia | Jakarta | Rupiah |
| Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | Ringgit |
| Cambodia | Phnom Penh | Riel |
| Philippines | Manila | Peso |
| Thailand | Bangkok | Baht |
| Vietnam | Hanoi | Dong |
| North Korea | Pyongyang | Won |
| South Korea | Seoul | Won |
| Brunei | Bandar Seri Begawan | |
| Hong Kong | Victoria | |
| Japan | Tokyo | Yen |
| Afghanistan | Kabul | |
| Qatar | Doha | |
| Azerbaijan | Baku | Manat |
| Georgia | Tbilisi | |
| Albania | Tirana | |
| Iceland | Reykjavik | Krona |
| Austria | Vienna | |
| Italy | Rome | |
| Estonia | Tallinn | Euro |
| Greece | Athens | Euro |
| Czech Republic | Prague | Koruna |
| Germany | Berlin | Euro |
| Denmark | Copenhagen | Krone |
| Norway | Oslo | Norwegian Krone |
| Netherlands | Amsterdam | Euro |
| Portugal | Lisbon | Euro |
| Poland | Warsaw | Złoty |
| Finland | Helsinki | Euro |
| France | Paris | Euro |
| Bulgaria | Sofia | Euro |
| Belgium | Brussels | Euro |
| Belarus | Minsk | Ruble |
| Ukraine | Kyiv | Hryvnia |
| United Kingdom (UK) | London | Pound |
| Romania | Bucharest | |
| Latvia | Riga | |
| Lithuania | Vilnius | |
| Spain | Madrid | Euro |
| Switzerland | Bern | Franc |
| Sweden | Stockholm | Krona |
| Serbia | Belgrade | |
| Hungary | Budapest | Forint |
| Ireland | Dublin | |
| Russia | Moscow | Ruble |
| Egypt | Cairo | |
| Libya | Tripoli | |
| Morocco | Rabat | |
| Nigeria | Abuja | |
| Namibia | Windhoek | |
| Sudan | Khartoum | |
| South Sudan | Juba | |
| Congo (DRC) | Kinshasa | |
| Congo (Republic) | Brazzaville | |
| Somalia | Mogadishu | Shilling |
| Seychelles | Victoria | Rupee |
| Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | Birr |
| Uganda | Kampala | |
| Kenya | Nairobi | |
| Mauritius | Port Louis | Mauritian Rupee |
| Tanzania | Dodoma | |
| Rwanda | Kigali | |
| Zimbabwe | Harare | |
| Ghana | Accra | Cedi |
| South Africa | Pretoria (Administrative), Cape Town (Legislative), Bloemfontein (Judicial) | Rand |
| USA | Washington D.C. | Dollar |
| Canada | Ottawa | |
| Mexico | Mexico City | Peso |
| Cuba | Havana | |
| Jamaica | Kingston | |
| Greenland | Nuuk (Godthåb) | Krone |
| Argentina | Buenos Aires | |
| Bolivia | La Paz | |
| Brazil | Brasília | Real |
| Chile | Santiago | |
| Colombia | Bogotá | |
| Ecuador | Quito | |
| Peru | Lima | Sol |
| Uruguay | Montevideo | |
| Venezuela | Caracas | Bolívar |
| Australia | Canberra | |
| New Zealand | Wellington | |
| Fiji | Suva | |
| Papua New Guinea | Port Moresby | |
| Palau | Koror |
Current Affairs Updates
Ozone Layer Protection Meeting (MOP 37)
- The 37th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MOP 37) was held in Nairobi, Kenya.
- The Montreal Protocol, signed on September 16, 1987, aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs, or Freon).
- The first MOP (MOP 1) took place in Helsinki, Finland, in 1989.
- The headquarters of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) are in Nairobi.
- COP 30 is currently underway in Belém, Brazil.
- COP 32 is confirmed to be held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Climate Risk Index 2026
- The Climate Risk Index 2026 was released by German Watch, an organization based in Bonn, Germany.
- The index evaluates extreme weather events from 1995 to 2024.
- Globally, approximately 9,700 extreme weather events occurred during this period, resulting in about 8.32 million deaths.
- Dominica is identified as the most affected country.
- India is ranked 9th among the most affected countries.
- India ranks 3rd in terms of population affected by these events.
Military Exercise "Vinbax 25"
- The 6th edition of the "Vinbax 25" military exercise took place between the armies of India and Vietnam.
- The exercise was held in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam.
- Other recent military exercises:
- Sagar Kavach: Conducted by the Indian Coast Guard off the coasts of Karnataka and Kerala.
- Brahmashira: Part of the larger "Trishul" exercise, held in the Rann of Kutch and Sir Creek sector of Gujarat, involving the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force.
- Maru Jwala / Akhand Prahar: Held in the Thar Desert region of India (Rajasthan).
Earthshot Prize 2025
- The winners of the Earthshot Prize 2025 were announced in Rio, Brazil.
- The award recognizes efforts in combating climate change.
- Notable winners include:
- Re.green (Brazil): For Amazon forest conservation.
- Omamuyemi Akeler (Nigeria): For contributions to the industry sector.
- Carlos Fernando (Bogotá, Colombia): For clean air initiatives.
- Rebecca Hubbard: For work related to the High Seas Treaty.
- Roona Khan (Bangladesh).
6th National Water Awards 2024
- The 6th National Water Awards, recognizing efforts in water conservation, were announced.
- Maharashtra received the "Best State" award.
- Gujarat secured the second position, followed by Haryana in third.
- Navi Mumbai was awarded as the "Best Urban Local Body."
- The awards were announced by Union Minister of Jal Shakti, C.R. Patil, from Delhi.
OICA Leadership
- Sailesh Chandra became the first Indian to lead the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA).
- OICA is an international trade association representing the automotive industry, established in 1919.
National Public Service Broadcasting Day 2025
- Observed annually on November 12th.
- Commemorates Mahatma Gandhi's only address to the nation via All India Radio from Delhi on November 12, 1947.
- Gandhi's address was aimed at displaced refugees following the partition of India and Pakistan.
- National Broadcasting Day is celebrated on July 23rd, marking the start of radio broadcasting in India from Bombay in 1927.
Modified Bharat Net Project
- Punjab has become the first state to implement the modified Bharat Net project statewide.
- The project, originally launched as the National Optical Fiber Mission in 2011, was renamed Bharat Net in 2015.
- Its primary objective is to provide high-speed internet connectivity.
- The modified project aims to enable surveillance of border areas from any part of the country.
- Optical fiber technology operates on the principle of Total Internal Reflection (TIR).
India's First Megawatt-Hour Scale Vanadium Flow Battery
- India's first megawatt-hour scale Vanadium Flow Battery was inaugurated at NTPC Netra (NTPC's Research and Development center) in Greater Noida.
- The battery has a capacity of 3 megawatts.
- It is intended to replace traditional Lithium-ion batteries and boost renewable energy storage.
- The inauguration was performed by Union Minister Manohar Lal Khattar (Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs).
Real Craft Portal
- The "Real Craft Portal" was launched by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
- The portal facilitates online licensing and registration of fishing vessels.
- It aims to enhance transparency, reduce corruption, and improve efficiency in the process.
- Separately, Cyber Bharat Setu has been established in Tripura.
National Karting Championship
- Nine-year-old Arshi Gupta from Faridabad became India's first female racer to win the National Karting Championship.