Nobel Prizes

• Nobel Prize Foundation:

  • Established in 1901.
  • Alfred Nobel (inventor of dynamite) drafted his will for the prize in 1895. He died in 1896.
  • Awarded in six fields. The Economics prize was established later in 1968 by Sweden's Sveriges Riksbank (also known as the Riksbank Award).
  • All Nobel Prizes (Literature, Peace, Physics, Chemistry, Medicine) began in 1901, except Economics.
  • All prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden, except the Peace Prize, which is awarded in Oslo, Norway.
  • Awards are presented on December 10, the death anniversary of Alfred Nobel.

• Physiology or Medicine:

  • Winners: Mary Brunckow, Friends Remesdell, Simons Sakaguchi.
  • Achievement: Discovery of the immune system's tolerance/immune tolerance.
  • First Award (1901): Adolf von Behring.

• Physics:

  • Winners: Michel H. Devarot, John Clarke, John Martis.
  • Achievement: Microscopic quantum mechanical tunneling in electrical circuits.
  • First Award (1901): Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (for the discovery of X-rays).

• Chemistry:

  • Winners: Richard Robsen, Omar Yaghi, Susumu Kitagawa.
  • Achievement: Work on Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs).
  • First Award (1901): Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff.

• Literature:

  • Winner: Laszlo Krasznahorkai (Hungarian author).
  • Achievement: For his captivating and visionary works.
  • First Award (1901): Sully Prudhomme.

• Peace:

  • Winner: Maria Corina Machado (Venezuelan opposition leader).
  • First Award (1901): Henry Dunant (founder of Red Cross) and Frédéric Passy.

• Economics:

  • Establishment: Established in 1968, first awarded in 1969.
  • Winners: Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, Peter Howitt.
  • Achievement: Identifying conditions for sustainable development through technological progress and the theory of sustainable development through creative destruction.
  • First Award (1969): Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen.

Indian Nobel Laureates

• Rabindranath Tagore:

  • Field: Literature
  • Year: 1913
  • Achievement: For his collection of poems "Gitanjali". First Indian and first Asian to win a Nobel Prize in Literature.

• C.V. Raman (Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman):

  • Field: Physics
  • Year: 1930
  • Achievement: For his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the Raman Effect.

• Har Gobind Khorana:

  • Field: Medicine/Physiology
  • Year: 1968
  • Achievement: For his interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis (artificial synthesis of the gene).

• Mother Teresa:

  • Field: Peace
  • Year: 1979
  • Achievement: For her work with the poor and suffering. First Indian woman to win a Nobel Peace Prize.

• Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar:

  • Field: Physics
  • Year: 1983
  • Achievement: For his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of stars, specifically the Chandrasekhar Limit.

• Amartya Sen:

  • Field: Economics
  • Year: 1998
  • Achievement: For his contributions to welfare economics, particularly public welfare. First Indian to win a Nobel Prize in Economics.

• V.S. Naipaul:

  • Field: Literature
  • Year: 2001
  • Achievement: For his book "In A Free State."

• Venkatraman Ramakrishnan:

  • Field: Chemistry
  • Year: 2009
  • Achievement: For his work on the structure and function of the ribosome.

• Kailash Satyarthi:

  • Field: Peace
  • Year: 2014
  • Achievement: For his struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education. Shared with Malala Yousafzai. Founder of Bachpan Bachao Andolan.

• Abhijit Banerjee:

  • Field: Economics
  • Year: 2019
  • Achievement: For his experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.

Modern Indian History (1901-1950)

• 7 August 1905: Swadeshi movement and boycott of foreign goods began at Calcutta's Town Hall, protesting the Partition of Bengal.
• 16 October 1905: Formal Partition of Bengal; observed as Raksha Bandhan Day.
• 1907: Surat Session of Congress; split into Extremists and Moderates. Rash Behari Ghosh was the president.
• 1909: Morley-Minto Act introduced communal electorate in India.
• 9 January 1915: Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa; observed as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas.
• 1916:
  • Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim League.
  • Reunion of the Moderate and Extremist factions of Congress. Ambica Charan Mazumdar was the president.
  • Establishment of Banaras Hindu University (BHU).
  • Home Rule League Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
• 1917:
  • Calcutta Session of Congress; Annie Besant became the first woman president of Congress.
  • Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar against Tinkathia system of indigo cultivation; Mahatma Gandhi's first participation in an Indian Satyagraha.
• 1919:
  • Rowlatt Act (no appeal, no argument, no lawyer).
  • Montagu-Chelmsford Act introduced Dyarchy in provinces.
  • 13 April 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar.
• 1920: Non-Cooperation Movement launched; Mahatma Gandhi returned his Kaiser-i-Hind medal.
• February 1922: Chauri Chaura incident in Gorakhpur, leading to the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• 1923: Swaraj Party founded by Chittaranjan Das (CR Das) and Motilal Nehru.
• 1924: Belgaum Session of Congress; Mahatma Gandhi was president for the first and only time.
• 1925:
  • Kanpur Session of Congress; Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian woman president.
  • 9 August 1925: Kakori Train Action (formerly Kakori Train Dacoity); involved Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh, and Chandrashekhar Azad.
• 1927: Simon Commission formed (seven all-foreign members).
• 1928: Simon Commission arrived in India; faced protests ("Simon Go Back"). Nehru Report presented by Motilal Nehru.
• 1929: Lahore Session of Congress; Jawaharlal Nehru was president; demand for Purna Swaraj (complete independence) made for the first time.
• 26 January 1930: Purna Swaraj Diwas declared.
• 1930:
  • Civil Disobedience Movement launched.
  • 12 March 1930 - 6 April 1930: Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, protesting the salt tax.
  • First Round Table Conference (Congress did not participate).
• 5 March 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed.
• 23 March 1931: Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev executed.
• 1931: Second Round Table Conference (Mahatma Gandhi participated, traveling on the SS Rajputana ship).
• 1932:
  • Communal Award announced by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
  • September 1932: Poona Pact signed between Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar.
• 1940:
  • August Offer presented.
  • Individual Satyagraha launched; Vinoba Bhave was the first Satyagrahi.
• 9 August 1942: Quit India Movement launched; Operation Zero Hour initiated by the British; "Do or Die" slogan given by Mahatma Gandhi. Lord Linlithgow was the Viceroy.
• March 1946: Cabinet Mission arrived in India (Pethick Lawrence - chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps, A.V. Alexander). Proposed a Constituent Assembly with 389 seats, one seat per 1 million population.
• 9 December 1946: First meeting of the Constituent Assembly; Sachchidananda Sinha appointed temporary president.
• 13 December 1946: Objective Resolution (Preamble) presented by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
• 22 January 1947: Objective Resolution adopted by the Constituent Assembly.
• 3 June 1947: Mountbatten Plan announced, proposing the partition of India and Pakistan.
• 18 July 1947: Indian Independence Act passed.
• 22 July 1947: National Flag of India adopted.
• 26 November 1949: Constitution of India completed and adopted.
• 24 January 1950: National Anthem and National Song adopted.
• 26 January 1950: Constitution of India fully came into force. Some 16 articles (including parts of Citizenship, Article 394) were implemented on 26 Nov 1949.
• 28 January 1950: Supreme Court of India inaugurated.

Current Affairs Revision

• India-USA Defense Agreement: India and the USA signed a historic 10-year defense framework agreement in Kuala Lumpur.
• India's Airbase Operations: India officially ceased its operational rights at Ayni Airbase in Tajikistan.
• International Solar Alliance Initiatives: Sunrise OS, Sun One World, One OS, OWOGCC, and SIDS solar platform initiatives unveiled at the International Solar Alliance meeting in Delhi.
• Telecom Pilot Project: Department of Telecommunications launched a pilot project for 'Samriddh Gaon Bhautik Seva' (Prosperous Village Physical Services) in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh.
• Green Tax on Vehicles: Uttarakhand announced collection of green tax from vehicles entering from other states starting December 2025.
• Word of the Year 2025: Dictionary.com declared "coexist" as the Word of the Year 2025.
• World Urban Day: Celebrated on October 31.
• Clutch Chess 2025: Magnus Carlsen won the Clutch Chess 2025 title. D Gukesh finished in fourth place.
• FDI in India (FY25): RBI report indicates the USA as the top contributor to India's Foreign Direct Investment in FY25.
• Smart Crop Initiative: SBI Foundation and ICRISAT launched the Smart Crop initiative in Telangana and Karnataka.
• UNESCO Creative Cities Network: Lucknow is the ninth Indian city to join the network, included in the 'Gastronomy' category.
• India's Heaviest Communication Satellite: ISRO launched CMS-03.
• Manama Asian Youth Games 2025: Indian contingent won a total of 48 medals.
• 90th Chess Grandmaster: Ilampari became India's 90th Chess Grandmaster.
• Cryptocurrency as Property: Madras High Court is the first court in India to recognize cryptocurrency as 'property'.
• APEC Summit 2025: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit 2025 was held in South Korea.
• Chief of Material (Indian Navy): B. Sivakumar was appointed as the 40th Chief of Material. (Note: Surya Kant is mentioned as Chief Justice, which is incorrect in this context for "Chief of Material.")
• New State Assembly Building: PM Modi inaugurated a new State Assembly building in Chhattisgarh.
• Rohan Bopanna's Retirement: Rohan Bopanna, a tennis player, announced retirement from his two-decade-long international career.
• ICC Women's World Cup 2025: India won the ICC Women's World Cup 2025, defeating South Africa.
• Thorium to Uranium Fuel Conversion: China successfully converted thorium to uranium fuel for the first time globally.
• Poorvi Prachand Prahar Exercise: Joint military exercise by the three services was held in Arunachal Pradesh.
• World's #1 Health Scheme: Ayushman Bharat Yojana became the world's number one health scheme, covering over 12 crore families.
• Cleanliness Survey 2025: Madurai was identified as the cleanest city in India. (Transcription likely intended 'least clean' or 'most unhealthy' based on typical survey results and common parlance).
• Third Home for Cheetahs: Noradehi Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh was declared the third home for cheetahs (after Kuno and Gandhi Sagar).
• 100 Most Influential Climate Leaders: Sonam Wangchuk was included in Time magazine's list of 100 most influential climate leaders.
• BIS Director General: Sanjay Garg was appointed as the Director General of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
• First White Iberian Lynx Sighting: The world's first white Iberian Lynx was sighted in Spain.
• AI and Computational Thinking Curriculum: Ministry of Education included Artificial Intelligence and Computational Thinking in the curriculum from Class 3.
• World Vegan Day: Celebrated on November 1.
• WJP Rule of Law Index 2025: India's rank is 86th.
• Grand Egyptian Museum: World's largest archaeological museum, housing 100,000 artifacts, opened in Egypt.
• Generational Smoking Ban: Maldives implemented the world's first law banning smoking based on generation.
• Patriot Air Defense System to Ukraine: Germany provided Patriot air defense systems to Ukraine.
• Mughal Miniature Painting Auction: A Mughal miniature painting by Basawan was auctioned for $13.6 million in London. The painter Basawan was associated with Mughal emperor Akbar.
• Sohra Integrated Tourism Circuit: Foundation stone for the Integrated Sohra Tourism Circuit under the PM-DevINE scheme was laid in Meghalaya.
• Second World Social Development Summit: Commenced in Doha, Qatar.
• President of Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan took office as the President of Tanzania.
• Bhupen Hazarika National Award: Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia presented the Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika National Award in Assam.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji's Jayanti: The 556th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was celebrated on Kartik Purnima in 2025.
• World's Top Cooperative Society: Amul was ranked as the world's top cooperative society based on per capita Gross Domestic Product by the International Cooperative Alliance.
• QS Asia World University Rankings 2026: IIT Delhi secured the top spot among Indian institutions.
• Cheetahs from Botswana: India announced plans to bring eight cheetahs from Botswana under Project Cheetah.
• Indian-Origin Lieutenant Governor: Gazala Hashmi, of Indian origin, won the election for Lieutenant Governor in Virginia, USA.
• CBSE International Sahodaya Conference: CBSE held its first International Sahodaya Conference in Dubai.
• Pro Kabaddi League 12th Title: Dabang Delhi won the 12th Pro Kabaddi League title.
• INS Ikshak Launch: Indian Navy's indigenously developed hydrographic survey vessel, INS Ikshak, was launched from Kochi.
• World Tsunami Awareness Day: Observed on November 5.
• UPI Payment Services Expansion: NPCI and Razorpay partnered to expand UPI payment services in Malaysia.
• Dadasaheb Phalke Awards 2025: Kartik Aaryan received the Best Actor award at the Dadasaheb Phalke Awards 2025 ceremony.
• Project Sun Catcher: Google launched Project Sun Catcher to test an AI data center in space.
• World Peace and Security Leadership Award 2025: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar was honored with the 2025 World Peace and Security Leadership Award by the Boston Global Forum and AI World Society.
• Starlink Partnership for Internet Services: Maharashtra became the first state to partner with Starlink for satellite-based internet services.
• Operation White Cauldron: Related to the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence.
• NEXCAR19 Technology for Cancer Treatment: Associated with IIT Bombay and Tata Memorial Hospital.
• UN Water Conference: Bangladesh became the first South Asian country to participate in the UN Water Conference.
• Bali Yatra Festival: Started in Odisha.
• 17th India Game Developer Conference: Held in Chennai.
• Hockey Centenary Celebrations: Central government organized centenary celebrations for hockey.
• UBS Global Wealth Report 2025: India ranked 14th.
• UN Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Report (2024): India is projected to have the highest emissions.
• First Cashless Society: Sweden became the world's first cashless society country.
• Geothermal Energy Project: Energy Efficiency Services Limited announced India's largest geothermal energy project in Araku Valley, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
• Supreme Court Ruling on Arrest: Supreme Court mandated that reasons for arrest must be provided in writing under Article 22.
• Vulture Nests in India: According to the Wildlife Institute of India report, approximately 63% of recorded vulture nests in India are in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
• India's First Electric Rocket: Developed by Space Kids India, named "Vayuputra".
• Indian Air Force 93rd Anniversary: Celebrations held in Guwahati.
• National Cancer Awareness Day: Celebrated on November 7.
• Manohar Parrikar Young Scientist Award 2025: Awarded to Sai Gautam.
• Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Memorial & Tribal Freedom Fighter Museum: Inaugurated in Chhattisgarh.